Over half a million Americans live with Crohn’s disease1. This chronic illness affects the digestive tract. It causes severe symptoms that can really lower a person’s quality of life. It’s important to know about the symptoms, causes, and treatments for Crohn’s disease to manage it better.
Key Takeaways
- Crohn’s disease is a type of inflammatory bowel disease that causes chronic inflammation and irritation in the digestive tract.
- Symptoms can range from mild to severe, including diarrhea, abdominal pain, weight loss, and fatigue.
- The exact cause of Crohn’s disease is unknown, but it may involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors.
- Treatment typically involves medications, dietary changes, and sometimes surgery to manage symptoms and prevent complications.
- Ongoing research and advancements are aimed at improving treatments and outcomes for those living with Crohn’s disease.
What is Crohn’s Disease?
Definition and Overview
Crohn’s disease is a chronic condition that causes inflammation in the digestive tract2. It can affect any part of the gut, often the small intestine and colon2. The disease has flare-ups and remissions, making it hard to manage2. The exact cause is still a mystery, but it likely involves genetics and environmental factors.
It’s more common than you might think, with nearly 1 in 100 Americans affected2. Both men and women can get it, and it often starts in young adults2. Studies show that having a family member with IBD increases your risk2. Caucasians are most likely to get it, but rates are rising in other groups too2.
Research says over half a million people in the U.S. have Crohn’s disease3. It’s becoming more common worldwide3. If you have a family history of IBD, you’re at higher risk3. Smoking cigarettes also increases your chances of getting it3.
Crohn’s disease can cause many problems, like blockages and fistulas3. It can also lead to malnutrition and affect other parts of the body3. If it affects the large intestine, you might face a higher risk of colon cancer3. But, staying on treatment can lower this risk3. Regular check-ups are key to catching colon cancer early3.
About one-fifth of people with Crohn’s have no symptoms4. More than a quarter may have problems outside the gut4. These can include joint pain, skin issues, and eye problems4.
“Crohn’s disease is a chronic, inflammatory condition that can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract, causing a wide range of symptoms and complications.”
Symptoms of Crohn’s Disease
Crohn’s disease is a serious condition that affects the gut and can change a person’s life a lot5. It often causes diarrhea, rectal bleeding, and a strong need to go to the bathroom5. Other symptoms include stomach pain, feeling like you haven’t fully emptied your bowels, constipation, and in bad cases, your bowels can even block up5.
It can also affect you in ways beyond your stomach, like making you lose your appetite and weight, feeling very tired, and in kids, it can slow down their growth5. In the worst cases, it can cause serious problems like open sores, fistulas, and narrow spots in the intestines5.
The symptoms of Crohn’s disease can change a lot, depending on where and how bad the inflammation is5. People often have times when symptoms get worse and times when they get better or even go away6. It can happen anywhere from your mouth to your anus, making it hard to deal with5.
It can also cause problems outside the gut, like eye and mouth pain, swollen and sore joints, skin issues, fever, night sweats, and even liver problems5. These extra symptoms make managing Crohn’s disease even harder, showing why good medical care is key5.
Crohn’s disease is a complex issue that affects both your body and mind5. Knowing about its many symptoms is important for catching it early, managing it well, and improving life for those with this chronic condition567.
Causes and Risk Factors
Potential Causes and Triggers
The exact causes of Crohn’s disease are still a mystery. It’s thought to be caused by a mix of genes and environment8. About 15% of people with the disease have a family history of it, showing it can run in families9. Scientists have found over 200 genes linked to Crohn’s, showing how complex it is9.
Some groups of people face a higher risk of getting Crohn’s9. For example, Ashkenazi Jewish people are at a higher risk than others8. The disease is less common in central and southern Europe, South America, Asia, and Africa8. This could be due to differences in healthcare access and treatment in these areas10.
Environmental factors also affect the risk of getting Crohn’s9. Smoking is a big risk factor, as it increases the chance of getting the disease9. Antibiotics and the birth control pill in early life might also play a part9. A 2019 review found other possible triggers, like certain foods, diet, some medicines, mental health, being inactive, and birth control8.
Even though we know some risk factors and triggers, we’re still learning how they cause Crohn’s9. A person’s genes, environment, and lifestyle all affect their chance of getting the disease9.
“The exact cause of Crohn’s disease is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors.”
Diagnosis of Crohn’s Disease
Diagnosing Crohn’s disease is complex because its symptoms can be similar to other gut issues11. Doctors start by taking a detailed medical history and doing a physical check-up. Then, they might order tests to confirm if you have Crohn’s disease and how severe it is.
Blood tests are often the first step in diagnosing Crohn’s. They look for signs of anemia and infection, which could mean you have the disease1112. Stool studies are also done to find hidden blood, bacteria that cause infection, or parasites that might be making you sick1112.
To see the inside of your digestive tract, doctors might use endoscopic procedures. This includes colonoscopy or upper endoscopy. These methods let doctors see the inside of your colon and small intestine. They can also take tissue samples for more tests1112.
CT scans and MRI scans are important for diagnosing Crohn’s disease too. They give clear pictures of your bowel. This helps doctors see where the inflammation is and how bad it is1112.
Sometimes, doctors suggest capsule endoscopy or balloon-assisted enteroscopy to check the small intestine. This is where Crohn’s disease often shows up1112.
By combining medical history, physical check-ups, and various tests, doctors can accurately diagnose Crohn’s disease13. With the right diagnosis, patients can work with their doctors to find the best treatment.
| Diagnostic Test | Purpose |
|---|---|
| Blood Tests | Check for anemia and signs of infection |
| Stool Tests | Detect hidden blood, infection-causing bacteria, or parasites |
| Colonoscopy | Visually examine the colon and collect tissue samples |
| CT Scans | Provide detailed images of the bowel |
| MRI Scans | Evaluate the small bowel and detect fistulas |
| Capsule Endoscopy | Image the small intestine through a swallowed camera |
| Balloon-Assisted Enteroscopy | Allow for a deeper examination of the small bowel |
“Diagnosing Crohn’s disease can be a complex process, but the right combination of medical history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests can lead to an accurate diagnosis and the development of an effective treatment plan.”
Types of Crohn’s Disease
Crohn’s disease is a complex condition with various forms, each affecting different parts of the gut14. Knowing the types helps guide treatment and management.
There are five main types: Ileocolitis, Ileitis, Gastroduodenal Crohn’s, Jejunoileitis, and Crohn’s (granulomatous) colitis14. The most common is Crohn’s (granulomatous) colitis, affecting the ileum and colon14.
Ileocolitis causes inflammation in the ileum and colon, leading to weight loss, diarrhea, and pain14. Ileitis affects the ileum alone. Gastroduodenal Crohn’s inflames the stomach and duodenum, causing nausea and weight loss14.
Jejunoileitis targets the jejunum, while Crohn’s (granulomatous) colitis affects the colon14. Types vary by age at diagnosis, affected area, and disease behavior14.
1.3% of Americans have inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)15. Crohn’s is a chronic condition causing abdominal pain and diarrhea15.
There are five Crohn’s types: Ileocolitis, Ileitis, Gastroduodenal Crohn’s Disease, Diffuse Jejunoileitis, and Crohn’s Colitis15. Ileocolitis is the most common, affecting the small or large intestine15.
Ileitis affects the ileum or lower small intestine, sometimes due to other causes15. Gastroduodenal Crohn’s Disease is rare, affecting the stomach and duodenum, causing pain and nausea15.
Diffuse Jejunoileitis is rare, seen in young adults, and may need surgery15. Crohn’s Colitis inflames the colon, causing bloody diarrhea and fistulas15.
Crohn’s can affect organs like the skin and liver, increasing colon cancer risk if untreated15. Treatment aims to manage symptoms with medications and lifestyle changes15.
About 201 out of 100,000 adults have Crohn’s disease16. Nearly 60% had surgery within 20 years of diagnosis16. Ileitis and Crohn’s colitis can cause fistulas and ulcers16.
Each type of Crohn’s disease has unique symptoms16. Nearly half with ileitis develop strictures16. The most common type is ileocolitis16. Family and medical history are key in diagnosis16. There are five Crohn’s types based on inflammation location16.
Medications for Crohn’s Disease
Pharmacological Treatments
People with Crohn’s disease can use many medications to help manage their symptoms and reduce inflammation17. These treatments include:
- Anti-inflammatory drugs, such as mesalamine, olsalazine, and sulfasalazine, which help with mild-to-moderate Crohn’s disease17.
- Corticosteroids, like prednisone and methylprednisolone, used to quickly reduce inflammation during flare-ups1718.
- Immunomodulators, such as azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine, cyclosporine, and tacrolimus, for when other treatments don’t work well1719.
- Antibiotics, like metronidazole, ampicillin, and ciprofloxacin, to treat infections in the gut1718.
- Biologic medications, including anti-TNF drugs (Humira, Remicade) and newer agents (Stelara, Entyvio), for those not responding to standard therapy1719.
- Targeted synthetic small molecules, such as upadacitinib, tofacitinib, etrasimod, and ozanimod, for adults with active Crohn’s disease not helped by TNF blockers17.
The right treatment plan for Crohn’s disease depends on how severe it is and how well the body reacts to the medications171819.
“Effectively managing Crohn’s disease often requires a combination of pharmacological treatments tailored to the individual’s needs and disease severity.”
While these crohn’s disease medications and pharmacological treatments for crohn’s help control symptoms and complications, it’s key for patients to work closely with their healthcare providers. This ensures they find the best drugs for crohn’s disease and treatment plan for their needs171819.
Surgical Options for Crohn’s Disease
Medications are the main way to treat Crohn’s disease, but sometimes surgery is needed. About 66-75% of people with Crohn’s will need surgery at some point20. Common surgeries for Crohn’s include:
- Resection: Removing the damaged intestine and joining the healthy parts
- Ileostomy: Making an opening in the belly for waste to come out, skipping the sick part of the intestine
- Strictureplasty: Making narrowed intestine parts wider to let contents pass better
Surgery can fix problems like blockages, fistulas, and abscesses. But it doesn’t cure Crohn’s disease21. The disease might come back where surgery was done20.
Living with Crohn’s disease for a long time raises the risk of colorectal cancer20. Surgery might be suggested to lower this risk. Doctors recommend regular colonoscopies for people with Crohn’s symptoms for 8 to 10 years or more20.
| Surgery Type | Description | Rates and Outcomes |
|---|---|---|
| Ileo-cecal Resection | Removing the last part of the small intestine and the cecum | This is the most common surgery for Crohn’s22. About 78% and 90% of people need surgery after 20 and 30 years with the disease, respectively21. |
| Ileostomy | Making an opening in the belly for waste to leave the body | This surgery is not often done alone. Usually, the bowel is brought out as an end stoma21. |
| Strictureplasty | Expanding narrowed intestine parts | Surgery rates depend on where the disease is. About 50% for jejunoileitis, 75% for ileocolitis, and 50% for colitis after 5 years21. |
Doctors and patients might talk about surgery for Crohn’s if the disease greatly affects life quality or if medicines cause bad side effects20. Recovery from surgery takes about four to six weeks. After that, patients need regular check-ups and care22.
“Surgery can be an important part of managing Crohn’s disease, but it’s not a cure. It’s crucial for patients and their healthcare team to work together to decide on the best surgery approach.”
Lifestyle and Diet Changes
Managing Crohn’s Disease through Lifestyle Modifications
Along with medicine and surgery, making lifestyle and diet changes can help manage Crohn’s disease symptoms23. Foods like raw kale and appleskin can trigger symptoms because they are hard to digest23. By avoiding these foods and eating easier-to-digest foods, people with Crohn’s can reduce flare-ups and stay healthier.
Diet is key in managing Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), affecting symptoms and health23. People with IBD react differently to foods, so finding the right diet is important23. Eating a variety of foods, including fruits, vegetables, and proteins, can fight inflammation and boost health23.
When symptoms get worse, eating foods that fight inflammation and softening hard-to-digest foods can help23. In better times, slowly adding back foods that are harder to digest is good for nutrition and health23.
Changing your lifestyle is also crucial for managing Crohn’s disease24. Quitting smoking, staying active, and keeping a healthy weight are important24. Working with doctors and dietitians helps create a plan that includes diet, medicine, and lifestyle changes for better health25.
Finding the right balance in diet and lifestyle is key for managing Crohn’s disease24. By trying different diets and making lifestyle changes, people with Crohn’s can take charge of their health and improve their lives25.
| Dietary Recommendations | Potential Benefits |
|---|---|
| Increased intake of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains | Provides fiber, antioxidants, and anti-inflammatory compounds to support gut health |
| Consumption of omega-3 rich foods (e.g., fatty fish, walnuts, flaxseeds) | Reduces inflammation and may improve disease course |
| Limitation of processed foods, red meat, and high-fat dairy | Minimizes intake of pro-inflammatory compounds and supports overall well-being |
| Individualized approach to dietary modifications | Addresses unique triggers and helps manage symptoms effectively |
“Maintaining a healthy, balanced diet and making lifestyle changes can have a significant impact on managing the symptoms of Crohn’s disease and improving overall quality of life.”
Combining medical treatment, diet changes, and lifestyle adjustments can help people with Crohn’s disease manage their condition and aim for long-term remission24.
Complementary and Alternative Therapies
Some people with Crohn’s disease look into other treatments besides traditional ones. These can include things like meditation, yoga, and acupuncture. They might also try supplements like omega-3 fatty acids and probiotics26. For some, medical cannabis could also be an option26.
Yoga helps people with Crohn’s deal with stress and feel better overall26. Chamomile tea is used for digestive issues such as gas and diarrhea. Research shows it can ease these symptoms26.
Bone broth might help reduce symptoms of ulcerative colitis and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)26. Acupuncture, along with moxibustion therapy, can improve life quality for Crohn’s patients26. Mindfulness, like meditation, can lower inflammation and reduce anxiety, making life better for those with Crohn’s26.
Probiotics can ease digestive problems and might help with IBD, but we need more studies on the best types26. Hypnotherapy could help put IBD into remission and lower inflammation in people with ulcerative colitis26. Biofeedback is also used for stress relief in those with chronic conditions like Crohn’s, though there’s no solid research on its effect on IBD26.
It’s important to remember that these alternative treatments are still being studied. So, it’s key to talk to a healthcare provider before trying them out26.
Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Vitamin D
Omega-3 fatty acids might help prevent Crohn’s flares, with studies showing their benefits27. But, not having enough vitamin D can lead to more flares, hospital stays, and the need for steroids27.
Turmeric and Prebiotics
Turmeric, with its curcumin, could help treat IBD and keep it in remission, says a 2022 study27. Prebiotics might also make Crohn’s symptoms better and lower the chance of getting the disease, a 2020 review found27.
Dietary Considerations and Mindfulness
Eating right can support the gut microbiota and prevent an immune reaction in Crohn’s patients, a 2022 study suggests27. Mindfulness practices, like yoga and meditation, can boost well-being and help people with Crohn’s live their lives fully, another 2022 study found27.
Acupuncture and its Benefits
Acupuncture can help with Crohn’s by reducing inflammation and fixing tissue damage28. It works by targeting nerve bundles, which can ease pain from Crohn’s and other conditions28.
Nutrient Deficiencies and Supplementation
Crohn’s can make it hard for the body to absorb nutrients, leading to vitamin and mineral shortages28. Some people get anemia from blood loss and can take iron supplements to help28. Vitamin D deficiency is common and can affect bone health, so supplements are often recommended28. Ileitis can cause vitamin B-12 deficiency, which requires supplements or injections28.
In summary, while traditional treatments are key for managing Crohn’s, some people find extra help in alternative therapies. But, it’s crucial to talk to a healthcare provider before adding these to your treatment plan.
Crohn’s Disease in Children and Adolescents
Crohn’s disease is a chronic condition that can hit anyone, even kids and teens. It’s found in up to 25% of people under 2029. Kids with Crohn’s face symptoms like adults, but it can also affect their growth and development30.
Most people get Crohn’s between 15 and 30 years old. Kids and teens with it might not grow well, have weak bones, or miss out on puberty29. Catching it early and treating it right is key to avoiding serious problems30.
Kids and teens with Crohn’s might have diarrhea, bleed from the rectum, lose weight, feel feverish, and have a sore belly29. It’s thought to be hereditary, causing an immune system issue in the gut. If someone in your family has it, you’re more likely to get it too2930.
To diagnose Crohn’s in young ones, doctors use tests like endoscopy, blood work, X-rays, CT scans, and MRI2931. Treatment includes medicines like anti-inflammatories, antibiotics, and more, and surgery might be needed if nothing else works2930.
Remissions can last from weeks to years for kids and teens with Crohn’s. Managing it means working with a team of doctors, nutritionists, and mental health experts29. Eating right and staying active is also key for these young patients2931.
| Risk Factors for Crohn’s Disease in Children and Teens | Symptoms of Crohn’s Disease in Children and Teens |
|---|---|
“Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are crucial to manage Crohn’s disease and prevent long-term complications in children and adolescents.”
Living with Crohn’s Disease
Coping Strategies and Support
Living with Crohn’s disease is tough, but there are ways to make it easier32. This chronic condition causes inflammation in the gut. Luckily, people with Crohn’s can live as long as those without it32.
Having a strong support network is key. This includes doctors, family, and others with Crohn’s. Learning about the disease and talking with your doctor helps you take charge of your health33. Crohn’s can affect anyone, in different ways, from mild to severe, and it can go into remission33.
Stress can make Crohn’s worse, but things like mindfulness and counseling can help34. It’s important to talk to doctors before starting new medicines, as some can make things worse34.
Joining support groups can make you feel less alone and give you helpful advice. These groups help with both the physical and emotional sides of Crohn’s34. They encourage you to reach out for support from groups like Crohn’s and Colitis UK34.
Using a mix of strategies can make living with Crohn’s better. It can improve your life and help you handle the challenges323334.
“Living with Crohn’s disease requires patience, resilience, and a willingness to work closely with your healthcare team. But with the right support and coping strategies, it is possible to lead a full and fulfilling life.”
Complications of Crohn’s Disease
Crohn’s disease is a chronic condition that affects the digestive tract. If not managed well, it can lead to various complications. These can greatly affect a person’s quality of life and health35.
One common issue is intestinal blockages or obstructions. These happen when scar tissue builds up from inflammation, narrowing the intestines and blocking food flow35.
Crohn’s can also cause fistulas. These are abnormal connections between the intestines and other organs or the skin. They disrupt digestion and increase infection risk35.
Another complication is abscesses, which are pockets of infection. They cause pain, fever, and may need antibiotics or drainage35.
Malnutrition and weight loss are also common. The inflammation and damage make it hard for the body to absorb nutrients. This can lead to anemia, fatigue, and a weak immune system35.
Crohn’s disease raises the risk of colorectal cancer, especially with long-term inflammation in the colon. Regular check-ups and monitoring are key to catching and managing this risk35.
It can also affect other parts of the body, like the joints, skin, and eyes. These issues can further impact health and well-being3536.
Blood clots are a serious concern for those with Crohn’s. The chronic inflammation and changes in blood clotting increase the risk of clots in veins or arteries35.
Lastly, Crohn’s can cause bile duct inflammation, known as primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). This can damage the bile ducts and lead to liver failure if not treated35.
Early diagnosis, effective treatment, and regular check-ups are crucial to prevent or manage Crohn’s complications. By acting early and staying proactive, people with Crohn’s can lessen the effects on their health and life quality3537.
| Complication | Prevalence |
|---|---|
| Intestinal Strictures | 26%35 |
| Fistulas | Can occur in many patients35 |
| Skin Issues | 20%35 |
| Anemia | 33%35 |
| Liver Complications | 5%35 |
| Eye Inflammation | 10%35 |
| Colorectal Cancer | Relatively low risk, but increased compared to general population35 |
| Kidney Disorders | Uncommon, but kidney stones may develop35 |
| Arthritis | 30%3536 |
Crohn’s disease can significantly affect a person’s health and life quality. Understanding the risks and getting medical help early can help manage these issues. This way, people with Crohn’s can improve their health and well-being353736.
Crohn’s Disease Research and Advancements
Crohn’s disease research has made big strides in recent years, giving hope to those with this chronic condition38. Over 1 million Americans suffer from Crohn’s, and scientists are looking into what causes it38.
New treatments like biologics have helped patients, but about half don’t get better with them39. These treatments also have serious side effects, making safer options a top priority38.
Researchers are now exploring new ways to treat Crohn’s, including stem cell therapy and fecal microbiota transplantation38. Studies show promise with stem cells in healing Crohn’s-like inflammation in mice38. A new wireless sensor from Northwestern University can track inflammation in Crohn’s patients, offering real-time insights38.
Our understanding of Crohn’s disease is growing, with research focusing on early detection and better treatments39. In the next decade, we might see new medicines for specific symptoms of Crohn’s39.
Even with challenges, there’s hope for better management and a cure for Crohn’s disease as research advances38.
“Ongoing research aims to enhance early detection of Crohn’s disease, identify optimal treatment approaches based on disease severity, and develop targeted therapies for complications like fistulas and fibrosis.”39
Conclusion
Crohn’s disease is a chronic condition that affects about 1.6 million people in the U.S40.. There’s no cure yet, but research and treatments have improved. Crohn’s disease can affect the whole gut, mostly the small and large intestines41. Symptoms vary and can change over time41.
Managing Crohn’s requires a mix of medicines, diet changes, lifestyle adjustments, and sometimes surgery. Living well with Crohn’s is possible with the right care and choices42. Working with a healthcare team and staying updated on research helps manage the disease better.
In short, Crohn’s disease is complex, but there are key points to remember. A full approach to managing it is crucial. Lifestyle, diet, and new research and treatments offer hope for those with this condition.
FAQ
What is Crohn’s disease?
What are the symptoms of Crohn’s disease?
What causes Crohn’s disease?
How is Crohn’s disease diagnosed?
What are the different types of Crohn’s disease?
What medications are used to treat Crohn’s disease?
When is surgery needed for Crohn’s disease?
How can lifestyle and diet changes help manage Crohn’s disease?
Can complementary and alternative therapies help with Crohn’s disease?
How does Crohn’s disease affect children and adolescents?
What are the potential complications of Crohn’s disease?
What are the latest advancements in Crohn’s disease research and treatment?
Source Links
- Crohn’s disease – Symptoms and causes – https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/crohns-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20353304
- Overview of Crohn’s Disease – https://www.crohnscolitisfoundation.org/patientsandcaregivers/what-is-crohns-disease/overview
- Definition & Facts for Crohn’s Disease – NIDDK – https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/crohns-disease/definition-facts
- Symptoms of Crohn’s Disease – https://www.webmd.com/ibd-crohns-disease/crohns-disease/symptoms-crohns-disease
- Signs and Symptoms of Crohn’s Disease – https://www.crohnscolitisfoundation.org/patientsandcaregivers/what-is-crohns-disease/symptoms
- Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) – Symptoms and causes – https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/inflammatory-bowel-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20353315
- Signs and Symptoms – Signs and Symptoms – https://crohnsandcolitis.ca/About-Crohn-s-Colitis/Signs-Symptoms
- Crohn’s Disease: Causes, Risk Factors, Genetics, and More – https://www.healthline.com/health/crohns-disease/causes
- Crohn’s Disease: Causes and Risk Factors – https://www.verywellhealth.com/crohns-disease-causes-and-risk-factors-4164358
- What Causes Crohn’s Disease? – https://www.health.com/crohns-disease-causes-6944904
- Crohn’s disease – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic – https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/crohns-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353309
- Diagnosis of Crohn’s Disease – NIDDK – https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/crohns-disease/diagnosis
- Crohn’s Disease: Diagnosis and Management – https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2018/1201/p661.html
- The 5 Types of Crohn’s Disease – https://www.webmd.com/ibd-crohns-disease/crohns-disease/5-types-crohns-disease
- Five Types of Crohn’s Disease | North Shore Gastroenterology – https://www.northshoregastro.org/2020/10/16/five-types-of-crohns-disease/
- Crohn’s disease: The 5 types and their symptoms – https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326936
- Medication Options for Crohn’s Disease – https://www.crohnscolitisfoundation.org/patientsandcaregivers/what-is-crohns-disease/treatment/medication
- Medications for Crohn’s Disease – https://www.webmd.com/ibd-crohns-disease/crohns-disease/digest-crohns-medications
- Treatment for Crohn’s Disease – NIDDK – https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/crohns-disease/treatment
- Surgery for Crohn’s Disease – https://www.crohnscolitisfoundation.org/patientsandcaregivers/what-is-crohns-disease/treatment/surgery
- Surgical management of Crohn’s disease – Surgical Treatment – https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK6934/
- Surgery – IBD Journey – Treatment and Medications – https://crohnsandcolitis.ca/About-Crohn-s-Colitis/IBD-Journey/Treatment-and-Medications/Surgery
- What Should I Eat? – https://www.crohnscolitisfoundation.org/patientsandcaregivers/diet-and-nutrition/what-should-i-eat
- Lifestyle and diet if you have IBD – https://www.mayoclinichealthsystem.org/hometown-health/speaking-of-health/lifestyle-and-diet-in-inflammatory-bowel-disease
- Creating a Crohn’s Disease Diet Plan – https://www.webmd.com/ibd-crohns-disease/crohns-disease/creating-a-crohns-disease-diet-plan
- Complementary Therapies for Crohn’s – https://www.everydayhealth.com/hs/crohns-disease-treatment-management/complementary-alternative-therapies-for-crohns/
- What are effective alternative treatments for Crohn’s disease? – https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/complementary-alternative-medicines-crohns-disease
- Complementary Therapy for Crohn’s: Supplements and More – https://www.healthline.com/health/crohns-disease/complementary-therapy
- Crohn’s Disease in Children and Teens – https://www.webmd.com/ibd-crohns-disease/crohns-disease/crohns-disease-in-children-and-teens
- Crohn’s Disease in Children and Adolescents – https://www.columbiadoctors.org/childrens-health/pediatric-specialties/digestive-liver-disorders/treatments-conditions/crohns-disease
- Crohn’s Disease in Children | Cedars-Sinai – https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions—pediatrics/c/crohns-disease-in-children.html
- PDF – https://www.crohnscolitisfoundation.org/sites/default/files/legacy/assets/pdfs/living-with-crohns-disease.pdf
- What To Expect with Crohn’s Disease – https://www.webmd.com/ibd-crohns-disease/crohns-disease/what-to-expect-crohns-disease
- Crohn’s disease – Living with – NHS – https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/crohns-disease/living-with/
- Complications of Crohn’s Disease – https://www.webmd.com/ibd-crohns-disease/crohns-disease/complications-crohns-disease
- Extraintestinal Complications of IBD – https://www.crohnscolitisfoundation.org/what-is-ibd/extraintestinal-complications-ibd
- Crohn Disease – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf – https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK436021/
- Prospects for Crohn’s Relief Brighten With New Advancements – https://www.webmd.com/ibd-crohns-disease/crohns-disease/news/20240502/prospects-crohns-relief-brighten-with-new-advancements
- Doctors, Researchers Work Hard to Improve Crohn’s Disease Treatments – https://www.webmd.com/ibd-crohns-disease/crohns-disease/features/crohns-transformed
- My journey with Crohn’s disease-Boston Children’s Answers – https://answers.childrenshospital.org/gavin-crohns-disease/
- Crohn’s disease and alcohol: What to know – https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326835
- 10 Things You Didn’t Know About Crohn’s Disease – https://gi.md/test-colonoscopy/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-crohns-disease