Are you tired of the ups and downs of the stock market? Do you want a simpler way to grow your wealth? Index funds could be the answer. They offer a low-cost, easy way to invest and can help you build wealth over time¹.

This guide will dive into the world of index funds. We’ll look at their benefits, the various types, and how to create a portfolio that meets your financial goals. It’s perfect for both new and experienced investors. You’ll learn how to make smart choices and take advantage of the growth potential of index funds².

Key Takeaways:

• Index funds offer low-cost, diversified exposure to a broad range of stocks or bonds.
• They provide long-term growth potential, with the S&P 500 index averaging close to 10% annual returns over the long term¹.
• Index funds are tax-efficient investments, generating less taxable income compared to actively managed funds².
• Low-cost index funds like Vanguard ETFs can have expense ratios as low as 0.03% to 0.04%³.
• Index funds are a popular choice for retirement planning, offering long-term growth potential and low fees.

What are Index Funds?

Index funds are a type of investment that tracks a specific market index, like the S&P 500 or the Dow Jones Industrial Average⁴. They offer a low-cost way to invest in a wide range of stocks or bonds without the hassle of picking individual investments⁴.

Unlike funds managed by people, index funds just copy the index they follow⁴. This means they hold the same stocks as the index, making it a simple way to invest⁴.

Index funds have grown in popularity, now making up over 50% of U.S. equity funds as of 2023⁴. This rise is thanks to their benefits like diversification, low costs, and often beating actively managed funds over time⁴.

Tracking the Market Index

The main goal of an index fund is to mirror its target index’s performance⁵. It does this by holding the same securities as the index, in the same amounts⁵. Popular index funds track indexes like the S&P 500 or the Dow Jones Industrial Average⁵.

Index funds offer a simple way to invest in a variety of stocks or bonds without the need to pick each one⁶. They’re great for beginners or those who prefer a hands-off approach to investing⁶.

Cost Efficiency and Tax Advantages

Index funds are known for their low costs⁶. They usually have expense ratios under 0.05%, much lower than actively managed funds⁶. This can greatly improve an investor’s long-term earnings⁶.

Index funds are also more tax-friendly due to their low turnover rates⁶. They rarely change their holdings, which means fewer capital gains distributions and lower taxes for investors⁶.

Overall, index funds are a straightforward and affordable way for investors to get into the stock or bond market⁴⁵⁶.

Benefits of Investing in Index Funds

Investing in index funds has many advantages for smart investors. One big plus is their low cost. Since they don’t need much trading, they have lower fees than actively managed funds⁷⁸. This means better long-term returns for you, as fees don’t eat into your gains over time.

Index funds also offer broad diversification, which is key to smart investing. They track big market indexes like the S&P 500 or the Wilshire 5000. This gives you a mix of many securities, lowering the risk of focusing on just one stock or sector⁷⁹. This strategy helps make your investments more stable and less volatile, making index funds great for long-term plans.

• Index funds are low-cost investments with minimal fees, as they are passively managed and require little trading activity⁷⁸.
• Index funds provide broad diversification, reducing the risk of investing in individual stocks or sectors⁷⁹.
• Index funds are designed to provide consistent performance and long-term growth by mimicking the performance of selected underlying indexes that have demonstrated steady growth over time⁸.
• Investing in index funds helps minimize individual stock risk by offering diversification across a range of stocks of companies and industries within a specific index⁸.
• Index funds are tax-efficient and provide capital gains benefits to investors due to their low turnover and buy-and-hold strategy⁸.

Index funds offer low costs, broad diversification, and steady long-term performance. They’re a smart pick for anyone looking to grow their wealth over time. Whether you’re an experienced investor or just beginning, adding index funds to your portfolio is a wise move⁷⁹⁸.

“Putting 90% of my assets in a low-cost S&P 500 index fund has consistently worked well for me.” – Warren Buffett, Legendary Investor⁹

Types of Index Funds

Investors have many options when it comes to index funds. They can be split into two main types: stock index funds and bond index funds¹⁰.

Stock Index Funds

Stock index funds track the performance of stock market indexes. For example, the S&P 500 for large U.S. stocks or the Russell 2000 for small stocks¹⁰. They offer a way to invest in the stock market easily and diversify your portfolio.

Popular stock index funds include the Vanguard Total Stock Market ETF (VTI) and the Schwab U.S. Broad Market ETF (SCHB)¹⁰. The Fidelity 500 Index Fund (FXAIX) also invests in the S&P 500 index¹⁰.

Bond Index Funds

Bond index funds track bond market indexes. They offer exposure to government and corporate bonds¹⁰. This makes them a good choice for fixed-income investing.

The Vanguard Long-Term Bond ETF (BLV) tracks the Bloomberg U.S. Long Government/Credit Float Adjusted Index¹⁰. The Consumer Discretionary Select Sector SPDR Fund (XLY) focuses on consumer discretionary stocks¹⁰.

Index funds give investors a chance to build a diversified portfolio that meets their goals and risk level¹¹. They are a cost-effective way to invest in the stock and bond markets.

In conclusion, stock and bond index funds offer a broad approach to investing. They track market indexes for a diversified and low-cost investment in the equity and fixed-income markets¹².

How to Choose an Index Fund

When picking an index fund, there are key factors to think about. First, know the index it tracks and its past performance¹³. Russel Kinnel, from Morningstar, says good core index funds boost core market exposure for investors with many peripheral investments¹³. Experts Ryan Jackson and Mo’ath Almahasneh suggest six traits to look for: representative, diversified, investable, transparent, sensible, and low turnover¹³.

It’s also important to look at the expense ratios and fees from different providers. These can greatly affect your investment’s returns¹³. Morningstar stresses the need to watch fees when picking index funds to avoid losing money¹³. Index funds can use market-cap or equal weighting, changing how stocks are picked and weighted¹³.

1. Consider the index being tracked and its historical performance¹³.
2. Compare expense ratios and fees among different fund providers¹³.
3. Look for index funds with representative, diversified, investable, transparent, sensible, and low turnover characteristics¹³.

By looking at the index, costs, and other factors, you can make a smart choice. This way, you pick an index fund that meets your goals and risk level¹³. You can use passive strategies through mutual funds or ETFs¹⁴. Mutual funds in retirement plans might have a minimum investment, but ETFs offer more flexibility and no minimums¹⁴.

Morningstar lists top low-cost index mutual funds and ETFs with Gold ratings¹⁴. These include US stock, bond index funds, and a full list of index funds and ETFs¹⁴. These resources help find quality index fund options that fit your investment goals and likes¹³¹⁴.

“Good core index funds can help raise core market exposure if investors have too many peripheral investments.”
– Russel Kinnel, Morningstar’s director of ratings

index funds for Beginners

For those new to investing, there are many index fund options. The Vanguard S&P 500 ETF (VOO) and the Vanguard Total Stock Market Index Fund (VTSAX) are top picks¹⁵. They give you a chance to invest in big U.S. stocks and the whole U.S. stock market. This makes them great for beginners looking for low-cost ways to invest.

The Vanguard S&P 500 ETF (VOO) and Vanguard Total Stock Market Index Fund (VTSAX) are great for beginners. They offer a wide range of stocks right away¹⁵. Plus, they are affordable because of their low fees¹⁵.

The Vanguard Total Stock Market Index Fund (VTSAX) is perfect for those wanting to invest in the U.S. stock market¹⁵. It tracks the CRSP US Total Market Index, covering all types of stocks¹⁵. The Vanguard S&P 500 ETF (VOO), however, focuses on the big U.S. stocks in the S&P 500 index¹⁵.

Index funds are great for beginners because they are cheap, spread out your money across many stocks, and can grow over time¹⁵. They make investing in the stock market easy without needing to do a lot of research or work¹⁵.

Other great options for beginners include the Fidelity Total International Index Fund (FTIHX) and the Vanguard FTSE All-World ex-US ETF (VEU)¹⁶. These funds let you invest in international and global markets, adding more variety to your portfolio¹⁶.

When picking index funds, look at what index they follow, their fees, and any investment minimums¹⁶. By doing your homework and comparing options, you can find the right fit for your investment goals and how much risk you can take¹⁶.

“Index funds offer a simple and effective way for beginner investors to participate in the stock market’s long-term growth potential.”¹⁶

Index funds are a great starting point for beginners wanting a diverse portfolio and long-term growth¹⁵. The Vanguard S&P 500 ETF (VOO) and Vanguard Total Stock Market Index Fund (VTSAX) are two popular choices that offer broad market exposure and are affordable¹⁵.

Index Fund	Minimum Investment	Expense Ratio
Vanguard 500 Index Fund – Admiral Shares (VFIAX)	$3,000.00	0.04%
Schwab S&P 500 Index Fund (SWPPX)	No minimum	0.02%
Fidelity 500 Index Fund (FXAIX)	No minimum	0.015%
T. Rowe Price Equity Index 500 Fund (PREIX)	$2,500.00	0.19%
Invesco NASDAQ 100 ETF (QQQM)	No minimum	0.15%
Fidelity NASDAQ Composite Index Fund (FNCMX)	No minimum	0.37%
Fidelity Zero Large Cap Index (FNILX)	No minimum	0.00%

This table shows some top index fund choices for beginners, including their investment minimums and fees¹⁷. Use this info to pick the funds that match your investment goals and budget¹⁷¹⁵¹⁶.

Building a Diversified Portfolio with Index Funds

To make a strong investment portfolio, mix different index funds that cover stocks and bonds. This method spreads your money across various markets. It helps control risk and could boost your returns over time¹⁸.

Index funds put your money into hundreds to thousands of stocks because they pool investments together¹⁸. A fund that followed the S&P 500 lost about 38% in 2008 but jumped 325% by early 2018¹⁸. For short-term investors, index funds might not be the best choice. They work better for those planning to invest for 6-10 years or more¹⁸.

Diversifying Across Asset Classes

By mixing stock and bond index funds, you can balance your portfolio. This gives you a stake in both the stock and bond markets. It helps manage risk and could improve your long-term gains.

Targeted Sector Exposure

Investing in sector-specific index funds lets you focus on areas like oil, tech, finance, and consumer goods¹⁸. Spreading your investments across sectors can lower risk. It reduces the effect of a single sector’s poor performance¹⁸.

When picking index funds, look at their costs, past performance, and what they track¹⁹. Index funds cost less than actively managed funds¹⁹. A smart portfolio might include 20 ETFs to cover various markets¹⁹.

The right mix of index funds depends on your risk level, how long you plan to invest, and your financial goals²⁰. Knowing what you need financially helps you choose the right funds for your goals²⁰.

“Diversification is the only free lunch in investing.”
– Harry Markowitz, Nobel Laureate in Economics

¹⁸¹⁹²⁰

Long-term Investing with Index Funds

Index funds are great for long-term investing. They let investors benefit from the market’s growth over time. By choosing index funds, people can join the market’s long-term success without the hassle of constant buying and selling. This is especially good for those with a long-term view, as it helps them handle market ups and downs and enjoy the growth of their investments²¹.

The S&P 500 index has shown strong growth over the years. From 1950 to 2023, it gave an average return of 11.34% annually²¹. Over 20 years from 1987 to 2006, it returned 11.24% with dividends reinvested, which is 8.10% after adjusting for inflation²¹. Starting with $10,000 in the S&P 500 on January 1, 2001, would have grown to about $55,331 by 2023²¹.

Index funds are all about the long game. Looking back over more than 50 years, bull markets lasted about 58 months with a 180.04% gain, while bear markets lasted 11.5 months with a -36.34% loss²¹. This shows the market’s strength and how long-term investors can overcome short-term challenges.

Index funds might not beat the market in short periods, but they do well over time. The S&P 500 has given an average annual return of 6.86% after adjusting for inflation since its start²¹. These funds, tracking the S&P 500, are popular because they often outperform actively managed funds, considering taxes and fees²¹.

The SPDR S&P 500 ETF Trust (SPY) tracks the S&P 500 with a low 0.0945% expense ratio, making it a budget-friendly choice²¹. The Fidelity ZERO Large Cap Index Fund has no fees and was up about 12% by mid-May 2024²². The Schwab S&P 500 Index Fund, with a 0.02% expense ratio, also saw a 12% gain early in 2024²².

Index fund investing is a strategy for long-term growth. It helps investors capture the market’s growth while keeping costs low and spreading out their investments. This approach can help investors reach their financial goals and benefit from the market’s growth over time.

“Investing in index funds is a simple and effective way to build wealth over the long term. By mirroring the performance of the broader market, index funds offer a diversified and low-cost investment solution that can help investors achieve their financial objectives.”

Passive Investing vs. Active Management

Investors can pick between passive investing and active management²³. More money has gone into passive investments than active ones²³. Over 20 years, only about 4.1% of managed portfolios in the U.S. beat their benchmarks²³.

Index funds use passive investing, copying a market index’s performance²⁴. Active funds, on the other hand, have managers who pick stocks or bonds to beat the market²⁴. Active funds might earn more but have higher fees and risk²⁴.

Passive investing is getting more popular, with 38% of the U.S. stock market invested passively²³. Actively managed funds cost about 0.68% on average, while passive funds cost 0.06%²³. The first passive index fund started in 1976²³.

Active investing aims to beat benchmarks like the S&P 500²⁴. But, many active managers don’t outperform after fees, making passive investing often better²⁴. Active strategies do well in volatile markets, while passive strategies are better in stable markets²⁴.

It’s hard to consistently succeed in active management in some areas, like big U.S. companies²⁴. But, investing in smaller companies or international markets can offer big rewards, making active management a better choice there²⁴.

The choice between passive and active investing depends on your goals, how much risk you can take, and when you plan to invest²⁵. Knowing the differences helps investors make smart choices and create a portfolio that meets their financial goals²⁵.

Tax Efficiency of Index Funds

Investing wisely means looking at tax efficiency. Index funds are popular for their tax benefits, which can help investors over time²⁶.

Index funds are more tax-efficient than others for a few reasons. They don’t trade much because they just follow an index. This means fewer taxes for investors. Actively managed funds trade more, leading to higher taxes for their investors²⁶.

Index funds are shown to be very tax-efficient. They have a tax efficiency rate over 95% in the last five years²⁶. Actively managed funds average about 75%²⁶. This means index funds help reduce taxes, helping investors grow their money over time.

Index funds also have lower tax costs than actively managed funds. They average about 0.3% tax cost²⁶, while actively managed funds are around 1.0%²⁶. This difference can greatly affect an investor’s returns over years.

Index funds also distribute fewer capital gains, making them more tax-efficient²⁶. Their passive management leads to lower taxes for investors.

In summary, index funds are better at managing taxes than actively managed funds. They reduce taxes for investors, leading to better long-term returns²⁶.

For those looking for a tax-efficient investment, index funds are a good choice. Fidelity, Vanguard, and Morningstar offer great resources on index funds and other tax-efficient investments²⁶.

Risks of Index Fund Investing

Index funds offer diversification and are affordable, but they’re not risk-free²⁷. They are often seen as a type of passive investing. Most fund managers don’t beat the market²⁷. These funds can lose money during market downturns and don’t protect against losses²⁷. They also don’t let investors control what stocks are in the fund, which might mean missing out on better returns²⁷.

Index-tracking funds have grown from about 200 in 1998 to over 2,000 by 2022²⁸. But, this growth has made portfolios less diverse, with the average fund holding about 150 stocks by 2022²⁸. The way these funds are made has changed, making them riskier and harder to understand²⁸.

Index funds now make up 53% of the mutual fund market²⁹. They’re expected to hold over 70% of mutual fund assets in the next decade²⁹. But, they’ll likely never make up the entire market because it would be bad for the economy²⁹. There are worries about how these funds could affect retirement savings, but so far, there’s no clear danger²⁹.

Index funds are a good choice for easy and cheap investing, but they’re not immune to market risks²⁷. It’s best to mix index and non-index funds in a portfolio to make the most of your investments and reduce risks²⁹.

“Investors should be aware that while index funds provide a convenient and cost-effective way to invest, they are still subject to market risks and cannot outperform the market during periods of market volatility.”

Rebalancing Your Index Fund Portfolio

Keeping the right mix of assets is key to doing well with index funds. As your investments grow, the mix can change, making you riskier than you want³⁰. To fix this, rebalancing your investments helps keep them in line with your goals³⁰.

Rebalancing your portfolio has many benefits. It reduces risk by spreading your money across different types of investments³¹. It also helps your portfolio do better over time by stopping one investment from taking over³¹.

There are different ways to rebalance your portfolio. Some people do it at set times, like every year or every quarter³¹. Others rebalance when their investments get too far off track³¹. Many online advisors and brokerages offer tools to rebalance your investments automatically³¹.

When you rebalance, think about how it affects your taxes, especially in taxable accounts³¹. Using tax-loss harvesting can reduce your tax bill³¹. You might also rebalance without selling anything by adding new investments to fix the mix³¹.

Rebalancing your investments is key to managing risk and doing well in the long run³². By regularly adjusting your mix, you keep your investments in line with your goals and how much risk you can handle³².

The way and how often you rebalance can change based on the index funds or ETFs you have³⁰. For instance, the S&P 500 index rebalances every quarter, but others might not³⁰. Knowing how your funds rebalance can help you manage your portfolio better and lessen the effects of these changes³⁰.

“Rebalancing your portfolio is like tuning up your car – it helps maintain the optimal performance and balance of your investments over time.”

By using index funds and rebalancing regularly, you can create a strong, varied, and affordable investment plan. This can help you reach your financial goals over time³².

Index Funds and Retirement Planning

Index funds are a top choice for planning retirement, especially for 401(k)s and IRAs. They offer low costs and the chance for long-term growth. This makes them great for investors saving for retirement³³. By using index funds, investors get broad market exposure and diversification. This helps reduce the effect of fees on their returns³³.

Index funds are great for retirement planning because they support different strategies. They help with both income-focused and total-return/rebalancing methods³³. These funds and ETFs also have lower fees than other investments. This means more dividends go to the investors, especially if the portfolio has a lot of cash and bonds³³.

Managing portfolios with index funds is easy for retirees. They make it simple to keep the right mix of assets, reducing the need for constant checking³³. Also, low-risk index products help control the ups and downs in portfolios for retirees who want less risk³³.

Index funds are also good for retirement planning because they are tax-efficient. Equity index funds and ETFs are better at managing taxes than actively managed funds. This is key for retirees who need to manage their taxable income³³. Retirees often have different income sources, including retirement accounts, social security, and other investments.

Overall, index funds are a strong choice for retirement planning. They offer low costs, growth potential, diversification, and tax benefits. By adding index funds to their plans, retirees can potentially get the most out of their investments and secure a better financial future³³³⁴³⁵.

Key Considerations for Retirement Investors

• Diversify your retirement portfolio across different index funds, including stock, bond, and international funds³⁴.
• Look for index funds with low expense ratios to maximize your returns³⁴³⁵.
• Consider both traditional index funds and ETFs, as they may have different features and tax implications³⁴³⁵.
• Avoid high-maintenance fees, such as 12b-1 fees, which can eat into your investment returns³⁴.
• Develop a long-term investment strategy and stick to it, as index funds are best suited for retirement planning over the long haul³⁵.

Index Fund	Characteristics
Vanguard 500 Index Fund (VFIAX)	Tracks the S&P 500 index, providing exposure to the 500 largest U.S. companies. Low expense ratio and tax-efficient3435.
Vanguard Total Stock Market Index Fund (VTSAX)	Provides broad market exposure, investing in large-, mid-, and small-cap stocks. Suitable for a well-rounded retirement portfolio35.
iShares Core S&P 500 ETF (IVV)	An exchange-traded fund (ETF) that tracks the S&P 500 index, offering low-cost exposure to the U.S. large-cap market35.

By choosing and using index funds wisely in their retirement portfolios, investors can enjoy their benefits. These include low costs, diversification, and tax efficiency. This can help secure their financial future³³³⁴³⁵.

“Index funds are often part of a well-rounded retirement plan, particularly for those following the Couch Potato Portfolio strategy aiming to create a diversified, low-cost, and easy-to-rebalance portfolio.”³⁵

Investing in Index Funds: A Long-term Strategy

Investing in index funds is a strategy for the long haul. It needs patience and discipline. Index funds aim to mirror the market’s performance, aiming for long-term growth³⁶. This is different from trying to beat the market. By sticking with their investments, people can see their money grow over time.

Patience and discipline are crucial with index funds. These funds are passive, meaning they don’t actively trade stocks, which saves money³⁶. It’s important not to check your investments too often or make quick changes. Instead, stick to your plan and let your money grow with the market.

The Benefits of a Long-term Approach

Thinking long-term lets investors use the market’s growth over time. Index funds spread your money across many, like those in the S&P 500³⁶. This reduces the risk of losing money on one stock or sector, making your investment more stable over time.

Also, index funds have low trading activity, which means less tax for investors³⁶. This helps your money grow more because you keep more of your returns.

Index funds follow an index’s performance, so they won’t beat or lose to it³⁶. Investors must be ready for ups and downs in the market and stick to their long-term plan.

“Investing in index funds is a marathon, not a sprint. It requires patience, discipline, and a long-term mindset to truly reap the benefits of market growth.”

By focusing on the long-term, investors can catch the market’s growth and build a strong, varied portfolio that meets their financial goals³⁷³⁸³⁶.

Conclusion

Index funds are a great choice for investors at any level of experience³⁹. They offer broad diversification and low costs. This makes them a strong tool for building wealth and reaching financial goals, especially for retirement³⁹. Even though they face market risks, their passive management and tax efficiency make them a good option for those wanting a simple way to invest³⁹⁴⁰.,

Studies show that index funds beat actively managed funds³⁹⁴⁰. This is mainly because they have lower fees and are more tax-efficient⁴⁰. Also, index funds can lower portfolio risk and offer access to different investment strategies like factor and ESG investing³⁹.

More investors are seeing the value in index fund investing, so this trend is set to grow⁴¹. With trillions invested in index funds and ETFs, passive investing is becoming a lasting change in the investment world⁴¹. By adding index funds to their portfolios, investors can aim for long-term growth while keeping costs and risks low³⁹⁴⁰⁴¹.,,

FAQ

What are index funds?

Index funds track a specific market index, like the S&P 500. They offer a low-cost way to invest in many stocks or bonds without the need for constant management.

What are the benefits of investing in index funds?

Index funds are cheap and don’t need much management. They spread your money across many stocks or bonds. This helps lower the risk of losing money on a single investment.

What are the different types of index funds?

There are two main types: stock index funds and bond index funds. Stock funds track stock markets, while bond funds track bond markets. They offer different types of bonds, like government and corporate bonds.

How do I choose an index fund?

Look at the index it tracks and its past performance. Also, compare the fees of different funds.

What are some popular index fund options for beginners?

Beginners often start with the Vanguard S&P 500 ETF (VOO) or the Vanguard Total Stock Market Index Fund (VTSAX). These funds give you access to U.S. stocks and the whole U.S. stock market.

How can I build a diversified portfolio using index funds?

Mix different index funds to cover various investments, like stocks and bonds. This approach helps manage risk and can improve your long-term earnings.

How do index funds differ from actively managed funds?

Index funds track a market index passively. Actively managed funds have managers who pick stocks or bonds to beat the market.

Are index funds more tax-efficient than actively managed funds?

Yes, index funds are more tax-efficient. They have lower trading and fewer taxable gains.

What are the risks associated with investing in index funds?

Index funds offer diversification and low costs but still face market risks. They can’t beat the market in downturns.

How do I rebalance my index fund portfolio?

Rebalance by selling and buying assets to keep your desired mix. This helps manage risk over time.

How do index funds fit into retirement planning?

Index funds are great for retirement planning in accounts like 401(k)s and IRAs. They’re low-cost and can grow over time.

What is the long-term strategy for investing in index funds?

The strategy is to invest for the long haul with patience and discipline. It aims to capture the market’s growth, not beat it.

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30. Index Rebalancing: What Every Investor Should Know – https://www.investopedia.com/index-rebalancing-7972596
31. How to Rebalance Your Portfolio – https://www.investopedia.com/how-to-rebalance-your-portfolio-7973806
32. Rebalancing Your Portfolio: What That Means And How Often To Do It | Bankrate – https://www.bankrate.com/investing/portfolio-rebalancing/
33. Why Index Funds and ETFs Are Good for Retirees – https://www.morningstar.com/funds/why-index-funds-etfs-are-good-retirees
34. What Are Index Funds? – https://www.ramseysolutions.com/retirement/what-are-index-funds
35. Investing in Index Funds for Retirement: What are the Best Index Funds for Retirees Right Now? – VectorVest – https://www.vectorvest.com/blog/retirement/best-index-funds-for-retirement-investing/
36. What is an index fund and how does it work? – https://apnews.com/buyline-personal-finance/article/what-is-an-index-fund-and-how-does-it-work
37. How to Master Index Investing – https://www.kiplinger.com/investing/how-to-master-index-investing
38. Indexed Investing – http://web.stanford.edu/~wfsharpe/art/talks/indexed_investing.htm
39. Index Funds and ETFs: Simplifying Investing for Better Returns – https://scholars.unh.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1722&context=honors
40. Index Funds’ True Advantages – https://www.morningstar.com/columns/rekenthaler-report/index-funds-true-advantages
41. The Coming Problem with Index Funds – https://www.lynalden.com/index-funds/