Are you ready to make your money work harder for you? Investing is a key step towards financial success. It helps you build wealth and reach your goals, like a comfy retirement, funding education, or starting a business1. This guide will teach you the best ways to invest and make smart choices for your future.
Key Takeaways
- Investing offers a pathway to accelerated growth and long-term financial security1.
- Inflation erodes the purchasing power of money over time, underscoring the need for investment opportunities that outpace inflation1.
- Building a strong financial foundation includes budgeting, saving, tracking expenses, and managing debt efficiently1.
- Seeking professional advice can help with personalized investment strategies tailored to individual financial goals and risk tolerance1.
- A long-term focus in financial planning provides stability and space to actualize your aspirations1.
Understanding the Investment Landscape
The investment world is always changing, so staying up-to-date is key2. It’s important to know the basics of investing. This knowledge helps people pick the right types of investments based on their risk levels. From safe cash and bonds to riskier stocks and other options, we’ll cover the main factors that shape investments.
The Dynamic Nature of Investments
Investments change often due to many factors like the economy, politics, and society3. Knowing how to adjust to these changes is vital for making good investment choices3. Spreading your investments across different types helps reduce risk and can improve your chances of making money.
Distinguishing Different Asset Classes
There are many types of investments, each with its own risks and rewards3. Stocks can offer big gains but are riskier, while bonds are safer but grow less3. Real estate can give you regular income and tax benefits but needs careful management3. Mutual funds and ETFs offer easy diversification but have fees and require a minimum investment3. Then there are hedge funds and cryptocurrencies, which offer unique chances to diversify but are riskier4.
Choosing the right investments and how much to put into each is key to a strong portfolio4. You should think about how much risk you can handle, your investment goals, and when you plan to need the money4.
Knowing about the investment world and the different types of investments is crucial for making smart choices234.
“The key to successful investing is not outperforming the market, but understanding your own risk tolerance and time horizon.” – Steven Goldberg, financial advisor and author.
The Investment Risk Ladder
Investments can be put into a risk ladder, with cash at the safest end and hedge funds at the riskiest5. This guide will cover the main types of investments, their risks, and what makes them different. Knowing the investment risk ladder helps people pick investments that fit their risk level and goals.
Cash Investments
Cash investments are the safest type5. They include bank accounts, Money Market Accounts (MMA’s), and Certificates of Deposits (CD’s)5. Money Market Accounts (MMA’s) usually offer higher interest than regular savings accounts5. Certificates of Deposits (CD’s) are insured by the FDIC up to $100,0005.
Bond Investments
Bonds are the second safest type5. Their initial price is set at the redemption value at loan end5. The safety of a bond depends on interest rates, bond age, and credit quality5.
Mutual Funds and ETFs
Mutual funds are the third safest type5. They are managed by experts who spread the money across different stocks and securities5. Mutual funds make money through dividends, selling securities, and capital gains5. They usually have fees of 1-3% of the total value5. They are often used in retirement plans for their mix of risk and potential5, but they’re not FDIC insured and have some risk5.
Stock Investments
Stocks are the fourth level, offering the chance for big gains but also more risk. It’s important for investors to research and pick stocks that match their risk level and goals.
Alternative Investments
Alternative investments, like hedge funds and real estate, are the riskiest6. They are best for experienced investors who know how to handle the risks6. These investments need careful choice, risk assessment, and ongoing monitoring, taking time and effort6.
“Understanding the investment risk ladder is crucial for aligning your portfolio with your personal risk tolerance and financial objectives.”
Learning about different investments and their risks helps investors make better choices. It allows them to create a portfolio that meets their need for stability and growth potential7.
Investing Money: A Personal Journey
Investing your hard-earned money is a journey that’s all about you. Everyone’s financial situation, risk level, and goals are different. This makes investing a personal experience8. We’ll look at how to make investing fit your life and goals.
Starting a successful investment journey means knowing yourself. You need to understand your finances, what risks you can take, and how long you can wait for your money to grow9. This helps you create a plan that fits your financial dreams.
Thinking about your investment timeline is key. It helps decide what investments are right for you10. If you’re looking far ahead, you might choose stocks or funds that grow over time. But if you’re planning for the short term, safer options like bonds might be better.
How much risk you can handle is also crucial. It shows how well you can deal with ups and downs in the market9. Those who can handle more risk might put more into stocks. Those who prefer safety might stick with bonds.
Investing is a journey, not just a goal9. It changes as you do, so you need to keep checking and adjusting your plans. By making investments that match your life and goals, you can move forward with confidence and reach your financial dreams8910.
investments: Identifying Your Financial Goals
Starting with a clear financial plan is key to a good investment strategy. You might be saving for retirement, a child’s education, or building wealth for a goal. It’s important to define your investment goals first11. Short-term goals help with financial security, like making a budget, paying off debt, and saving an emergency fund of $500 to $1,00011.
Long-Term Goals
For long-term goals, think about when you want to retire, the life you want, and planning for your legacy12. The time you have to invest affects your choices. You might be saving for retirement or for a big purchase in a few years12. With more time, you can take on riskier investments that might give you higher returns12.
Short-Term Goals
11 To pay off credit card debt, you can use the debt avalanche or debt snowball methods. If you owe over $10,000, debt negotiation or settlement might be an option1113. First-time homebuyers usually put down 6% of the home’s price, while those buying again put down 17%13. In 2023, the average home sold for $394,100, up 1% from the year before13. A family vacation costs between $5,750 and $16,300 on average13. Tuition for 2023/24 ranged from $11,260 to $41,450, with a yearly increase of 2.5% to 4%1311. Filing for bankruptcy should be a last choice because it can hurt your credit score for up to 10 years11.
12 People vary in how much risk they’re willing to take on when investing. Knowing your risk level is key to good financial planning12. Your need for quick cash affects your investment choices. For example, you might choose more liquid investments if you need money fast12. Investments can aim for growth, income, or stability. Each choice balances these goals to fit your risk level12. When setting goals, think about how much you can invest, where that money comes from, how much profit you want, and your tax bracket12.
By setting clear goals for both the long and short term, you can make a solid investment plan. This plan should meet your specific needs and timelines. It’s key to building wealth and reaching your financial dreams111312.
DIY or Professional Help?
Investors must decide whether to manage their portfolios themselves or get help from professionals. This choice greatly affects how well their investments do14.
DIY investing can save money and give you full control over your investments. Today, many online brokerages don’t charge commissions for stock trades. Some charge just $0.50 to $1.00 for each options contract14. Also, some accounts let you switch investments easily without high fees, helping you adjust to market changes14.
On the other hand, professional management means you get expert advice and tools. Robo-advisors offer automated portfolios with low fees. They use advanced theories and algorithms for investing14. These services also keep your investments balanced to meet your goals and prevent unwanted changes14. Services like Betterment and Quicken combine automated investing with financial planning, helping you track your money14.
Investment advisors usually charge 1% to 3% of your account each year. Fee-only planners charge by the hour15. Newsletters for investing can cost from $50 to $1,000 a year15. But, advisors must beat the market by their fees to help you do better than a broad index fund or ETF15.
Choosing between DIY or professional help depends on your knowledge, time, and what you prefer. DIY can save a lot on fees and lets you invest on your own terms14. But, if you want expert advice and tailored investment management, going professional might be better.
| Metric | DIY Investing | Professional Investment Management |
|---|---|---|
| Fees | Typically lower, as low as $0.50 to $1.00 per options contract | Ranging from 1% to 3% of account balance annually, plus potential newsletter or hourly fees |
| Investment Knowledge | Requires the investor to have a strong understanding of investment principles and strategies | Provides access to specialized expertise and resources |
| Time Commitment | Requires the investor to actively manage their portfolio and stay up-to-date with market trends | Professional managers handle the day-to-day investment decisions and portfolio management |
| Personalization | Investors can tailor their investment decisions to their own timelines and values | Offers personalized investment strategies and financial planning services |
Deciding between DIY and professional management is a personal choice. It depends on your knowledge, time, and financial goals. Knowing the pros and cons of each can help you make a choice that fits your needs16.
“Satisfaction with self-directed brokerages rose significantly by 33 points to reach a score of 631 out of 1,000 in 2024, according to a J.D. Power survey.”16
A study found that 97% of Canadian investors trust their financial advisor, says a 2022 report by the Institute of Certified Financial Planners16. Also, 80% of mutual fund investors and 73% of ETF investors think they do better with a financial advisor, the same report shows16. This shows many investors value professional advice, even for small portfolios. 53% of advised investors have less than $100,000 in investable assets16.
Choosing the Right Investment Account
Choosing the right investment account is key to your financial success. You have options like 401(k)s, IRAs, and taxable accounts. Each has its own benefits and features. It’s important to know these to pick the best one for your goals and risk level.
Retirement Accounts
Retirement accounts help you save for the future. Traditional IRAs use pre-tax dollars for contributions, growing tax-free until you withdraw. Roth IRAs use after-tax dollars but let you withdraw tax-free later17. In 2024, you can put up to $7,000 into an IRA, or $8,000 if you’re over 5017. Taking money out before 59½ can cost you 10% in penalties and taxes18.
401(k)s let you invest a part of your salary, sometimes with employer matching. 529 plans are great for education expenses, offering tax-free withdrawals and deductions18.
Non-Retirement Accounts
Non-retirement accounts like taxable and custodial accounts offer more flexibility. Taxable accounts let you invest widely but you’ll pay taxes on gains18. Custodial accounts are for minors, managed by an adult until they turn 18 or 2119. Once they’re adults, they can use the money as they like.
When picking an investment account, think about your goals, time frame, and taxes. A financial advisor can help you choose the right one for your financial health.
| Investment Account Type | Key Features | Tax Considerations |
|---|---|---|
| 401(k) | Employer-sponsored retirement account, contributions made with pre-tax or Roth (after-tax) dollars | Tax-deferred growth, withdrawals taxed as ordinary income (Roth withdrawals tax-free) |
| Traditional IRA | Individual retirement account, contributions made with pre-tax dollars | Tax-deferred growth, withdrawals taxed as ordinary income |
| Roth IRA | Individual retirement account, contributions made with after-tax dollars | Tax-free growth and withdrawals in retirement |
| Taxable Brokerage Account | Flexible investment account, no contribution limits | Investment earnings subject to capital gains and dividend taxes |
| UGMA/UTMA Custodial Account | Account owned by a minor, controlled by a custodian until age of majority | Investment earnings subject to taxes, with potential for lower tax rates |
| 529 Savings Plan | Tax-advantaged account for education expenses, contributions offer potential tax deductions | Tax-free withdrawals for qualified education expenses |
Choosing the right investment account affects your taxes, how much you can contribute, and when you can take money out. Knowing about different investment options helps you make smart choices for your financial goals and risk level181719.
Opening an Investment Account
Choosing the right investment account is the first step towards financial growth. This guide will help you pick and set up an account. You’ll learn about online brokers and robo-advisors, their features, and what to consider. This will help you pick the best investment platform for your needs.
Online Brokers
Online brokers like Fidelity, Interactive Brokers, and E*TRADE offer many investment options. They have no minimum balance requirements20. You can trade without paying commissions20. They also provide research and stock ratings to help you make decisions20.
These brokers let you trade on your mobile device20. To open an account, you’ll need to give personal info like your Social Security number and address20. You can fund your account through wire transfers, electronic transfers, or by mailing a check20.
Robo-Advisors
Robo-advisors, such as Betterment, Wealthfront, and Ellevest, offer a hands-off investment approach. They use algorithms to manage your investments based on your risk level and goals21. These services often have a low account minimum, sometimes just $1,000 or less21.
Robo-advisors charge lower fees than human financial advisors21. Setting up an account is easy, just answer a few questions about your investment preferences21.
When deciding between an online broker and a robo-advisor, think about your investment experience and goals. Both options have their benefits and can help you grow your finances.
Selecting Investments Based on Risk Tolerance
Investing is a personal journey. The investments you pick should match your risk comfort level. Knowing your risk profile helps you create a portfolio that grows while keeping you comfortable with market ups and downs. This guide will help you choose stocks, bonds, mutual funds, and ETFs that fit your risk tolerance.
Stocks
Stocks are at the riskier end of investing. If you’re okay with more risk, stocks could offer big returns. Aggressive investors might put more money into stocks because they’re ready for ups and downs22. But, if you’re cautious, you might prefer bonds or cash investments23.
Bonds
Bonds are seen as stable and less risky. They’re good for those who don’t like big risks. Conservative investors often choose bonds for their steady income and capital safety22.
Mutual Funds and ETFs
Mutual funds and ETFs let you invest in many assets at once. They’re great for all types of investors. Moderate investors might choose a mix of stocks and bonds. More daring investors might go for stock-focused funds or ETFs22.
| Investment Option | Risk Tolerance | Potential Return | Potential Volatility |
|---|---|---|---|
| Conservative Portfolio | Low | 8.1% annualized return | 9.1% annualized volatility, -14.0% maximum loss |
| Moderate Portfolio | Moderate | 9.4% annualized return | 15.6% annualized volatility, -32.3% maximum loss |
| Aggressive Portfolio | High | 10.0% annualized return | 20.5% annualized volatility, -44.4% maximum loss |
This table shows how different portfolios perform. It links risk tolerance to returns and volatility24.
When picking investments, think about what you’re comfortable with and your goals. Match your investments to your risk level for a balanced portfolio232224.
Growth Investing Strategies
Growth investing can help investors boost their long-term earnings. It focuses on companies that will grow faster than the market25. These companies often have high price-to-earnings ratios because they’re expected to earn more in the future25.
Small-Cap Stocks
Small-cap stocks are great for growth investors. They are companies worth between $300 million and $2 billion. These companies can grow quickly, aiming for earnings growth of at least 12% a year25. It’s important to research these companies well, looking at their profit margins and earnings growth25.
Technology and Healthcare Stocks
Technology and healthcare sectors are great for growth investing. Companies in these areas often have strong profit margins and grow their earnings by about 30% a year25. Keeping an eye on earnings and growth estimates is key to spotting potential winners25.
Speculative Investments
Investing in new areas like electric vehicles and artificial intelligence can be risky but also very rewarding26. When considering these investments, look at the company’s strengths, growth, and market trends26. While the potential gains are big, it’s crucial to do your homework and manage risks well26.
Growth investing means looking at the long term and being ready for ups and downs. Knowing the risks and rewards helps investors make smart choices and possibly earn more over time27.
| Growth Stocks | 3-year Sales Growth |
|---|---|
| Tesla (NASDAQ:TSLA) | 40% |
| Netflix (NASDAQ:NFLX) | 18% |
| Etsy (NASDAQ:ETSY) | 48% |
| Amazon (NASDAQ:AMZN) | 22% |
| Salesforce.com (NYSE:CRM) | 21% |
| Shopify (NYSE:SHOP) | 52% |
| Alphabet (NASDAQ:GOOG) | 22% |
When looking at growth investing, think about how much risk you can handle and what you want to achieve. These investments can be risky but might also offer big rewards27.
“Growth investing involves higher risk due to volatility associated with newer companies and the uncertainty of meeting growth expectations.”27
Understanding the risks and rewards of growth investing helps investors make better choices. This can help them reach their financial goals272526.
Evaluating Growth Stocks
Looking for promising growth stocks means checking key financial metrics and indicators. Important factors include return on equity (ROE), earnings per share (EPS), and projected earnings. These help investors see a company’s growth potential and make smart choices.
Return on Equity (ROE)
ROE shows how well a company makes profits from its shareholders’ equity. High ROE means a company is using its capital well to grow28. Look for companies with high and steady ROE compared to others in their field. This shows they’re likely to grow.
Earnings Per Share (EPS)
Earnings per share (EPS) shows a company’s profit and growth. Growth stocks should have strong and steady EPS growth28. Check a company’s past EPS and predict its future growth to see its potential for growth.
Projected Earnings
Looking at a company’s future earnings is key for growth potential28. Find companies that often meet or beat their earnings forecasts. This shows they can grow consistently. Also, look at the company’s future earnings guidance and what analysts predict. This gives insight into what the market expects from the stock.
By looking at return on equity, earnings per share, and projected earnings, investors can understand a company’s growth potential well28. Growth stocks that do well in these areas are likely to succeed and grow in value over time.
“The best thing to do is just to ignore the market, not to listen to the market, but to profit from the mistakes that the market will make.”
– Warren Buffett29
| Metric | Description | Importance for Growth Stocks |
|---|---|---|
| Return on Equity (ROE) | A measure of a company’s profitability and efficiency in generating profits from its shareholders’ equity. | High and consistent ROE is a hallmark of successful growth companies, as it indicates they are effectively utilizing their capital to drive growth28. |
| Earnings Per Share (EPS) | A measure of a company’s profitability, representing the portion of a company’s profit allocated to each outstanding share of common stock. | Growth stocks are expected to have strong and consistent EPS growth, outpacing their competitors28. |
| Projected Earnings | A forecast of a company’s future earnings, often provided by analysts and the company itself. | Companies with a track record of meeting or exceeding their earnings projections are more likely to deliver consistent growth, making them attractive growth stock candidates28. |
In summary, to evaluate growth stocks, dive deep into financial metrics like return on equity, earnings per share, and projected earnings. This helps investors spot companies with strong growth potential and the chance for long-term growth283029.
Portfolio Diversification and Asset Allocation
Building a strong investment plan means spreading your money across different types of assets. This approach, known as portfolio diversification and asset allocation, is key for handling risks and aiming for better returns over time31.
Start by understanding your risk level, how long you can wait for your money to grow, and your financial goals32. Then, you can make a portfolio that fits your investment style32. This means figuring out how much of your money to put into stocks, bonds, cash, and other assets like real estate and commodities32.
Spreading your investments helps lower the chance of big losses and is advised by financial pros32. Because asset values change over time, you might need to adjust your investments to keep them in line with your original plan32. This process, called rebalancing, can involve moving money to underperforming areas, adding new investments, or selling some of your top-performing assets to invest in ones that are doing poorly32.
Stocks usually carry the biggest risk but can also offer the highest returns, while bonds are generally steadier but bring in less profit33. Cash and similar investments are the safest but earn the least, with many backed by the federal government33.
Adding different types of investments that perform at different times can shield you from big losses33. Diversification and asset allocation work together in your investment plan, making it easier to manage risks and smooth out the ups and downs of your investments33. It’s wise to talk to a financial expert to find the right mix of assets that matches your goals and how much risk you can handle33.
| Asset Class | Risk Level | Expected Return |
|---|---|---|
| Stocks | High | Highest |
| Bonds | Moderate | Moderate |
| Cash | Low | Lowest |
| Alternative Investments | Varies | Varies |
“Diversification is the only free lunch in finance.” – Harry Markowitz, Nobel Laureate in Economics
Risk Management and Financial Planning
Investing comes with risks, and smart investors take steps to manage these risks. This keeps their money safe34. Experts know that not meeting expectations can be part of the investment plan, whether it’s good or bad34. Taking more risk often means the value of investments can change a lot34. Standard deviation measures how spread out these changes are.
Good risk management is key to keeping wealth safe and reaching financial goals35. Investors face risks like market, credit, and operational risks35. Experts in finance help spot risks early and act fast to handle them35. Tools like scenario analysis and financial modeling are useful for managing risks.
Linking investment choices with overall financial plans helps make sure they match your goals and how much risk you can take36. Good financial planning can prevent running out of money later, but poor risk management can lead to fewer options or less income36. A solid risk management plan can also improve how you use insurance and boost your retirement savings.
- 35 Diversification, managing cash flow, using options, and insurance can lower risks.
- 35 Being proactive means analyzing data in real-time, keeping an eye on things, and training your finance team.
- 35 Good risk management helps make better decisions by understanding risks and their effects on planning.
36 It’s smart to have an emergency fund that covers six months of expenses, but this can vary based on your life and age36. Trusts can help secure your children’s future by covering education and living costs36. Estate planning includes making wills, managing taxes, and planning for inheritance and healthcare.
| Risk Management Strategies | Description |
|---|---|
| Avoidance | Getting rid of or avoiding risky activities or investments. |
| Retention | Handling and managing the risk within what you can accept. |
| Sharing | Spreading the risk among several people or groups. |
| Transferring | Moving the risk to someone else, like through insurance or hedging. |
| Loss Prevention and Reduction | Putting in place steps to lower the chance and impact of losses. |
34 Alpha measures how much more return investors aim for to beat the market34. Beta shows how volatile an investment is compared to the market, with a beta over 1 meaning it’s more risky and a beta under 1 meaning it’s less volatile34. Drawing a line through a portfolio’s returns against the market helps figure out the risk.
“Effective risk management enhances decision-making by understanding risks and implications for strategic planning.”
36 Experts in risk management figure out how much emergency funds you need for tough times36. First Western Trust offers a ConnectView® approach that combines insurance and risk management into financial plans36. Remember, investments and insurance aren’t insured by the government or the bank.
To secure your financial future, include strong risk management in your investment and financial planning. By actively spotting, measuring, and reducing risks, you can better navigate the investment world and keep your wealth safe for the long run.
For personalized risk management advice, reach out to First Western Trust. They offer plans covering various financial areas for peace of mind.
Conclusion
Investing is a key way to build wealth and reach long-term financial goals. This guide has covered the main ideas, strategies, and things to think about in investing. Understanding the investment risk ladder, setting clear financial goals, picking the right investment accounts, and managing your portfolio well are important steps. These steps help secure your financial future and increase your investment returns37.
This article shows how important it is to keep options open when things are uncertain. Building a portfolio of different investments and keeping an eye on risks and market trends is crucial37. It also talks about how teams work together to create investment opportunities that fit the company’s goals37. Plus, it explains how having access to research helps in growing financially and making smart investment choices38.
Successful investing means balancing both numbers and people’s opinions. By using the advice and strategies from this guide, readers can feel confident in their investment choices. With good planning, managing risks, and diversifying, investors can aim for steady financial growth and security39.
FAQ
What is the purpose of this comprehensive guide on investments?
This guide aims to give readers key strategies and principles for investing. It covers understanding the investment world, navigating risk, and setting financial goals. It also talks about choosing the right investment accounts and vehicles, growth investing, and managing your portfolio.
What are the fundamental principles that underpin investments?
The guide shows how investments change and grow. It talks about different assets and their risks, from safe cash and bonds to risky stocks and alternatives.
How can investors navigate the investment risk ladder?
This guide gives a clear view of major asset classes and their risks. It helps readers match their investments with their risk comfort and financial goals.
Why is investing a highly personalized endeavor?
Investing must match your financial situation and goals. The guide helps readers understand their financial needs and risk levels. This way, they can make investments that fit them.
How can investors define and prioritize their investment objectives?
Defining investment goals is key, whether it’s for retirement, education, or wealth building. The guide shows how to set goals and allocate funds for a solid investment plan.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of DIY and professional investment management?
The guide looks at DIY and professional management options. It helps readers choose what suits their investment style and skills best.
What types of investment accounts are available, and how do they differ?
It covers common investment accounts like retirement and non-retirement ones. The guide helps readers pick the right account for their goals and finances.
What are the key considerations when opening an investment account?
The guide talks about choosing and opening an investment account. It looks at traditional brokers and robo-advisors, their features, and what to consider when picking one.
How can investors select appropriate investments for their portfolio?
The guide helps pick investments based on risk tolerance. It covers stocks, bonds, mutual funds, and ETFs. It shows how to match investments with personal risk levels and goals.
What are the key growth investing strategies and their potential benefits and risks?
It explores growth investing methods, like small-cap stocks and tech sectors. The guide stresses the need for research and caution in these higher-risk areas.
What are the critical financial metrics for evaluating growth stocks?
The guide focuses on key metrics like return on equity, earnings per share, and future earnings. It teaches how to use these to spot strong growth stocks.
Why is portfolio diversification and asset allocation important?
These strategies are vital for managing risk and improving returns over time. The guide explains how to tailor a portfolio to your risk tolerance and goals.
What are the key strategies for effective investment risk management?
The guide shares strategies for managing risk, including diversification and asset allocation. It highlights the importance of making investments part of a broader financial plan.
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- How To Invest In Growth Stocks – https://www.forbes.com/advisor/investing/growth-stocks/
- What Is Portfolio Diversification? – Fidelity – https://www.fidelity.com/learning-center/investment-products/mutual-funds/diversification
- Asset Allocation and Diversification – https://www.finra.org/investors/investing/investing-basics/asset-allocation-diversification
- Beginners’ Guide to Asset Allocation, Diversification, and Rebalancing – https://www.investor.gov/additional-resources/general-resources/publications-research/info-sheets/beginners-guide-asset
- What Is Risk Management in Finance, and Why Is It Important? – https://www.investopedia.com/terms/r/riskmanagement.asp
- Risk management in financial planning: mitigating uncertainties for a stronger future – https://www.cubesoftware.com/blog/risk-management
- Why is Risk Management Important in Personal Financial Planning? – First Western Trust – https://myfw.com/articles/why-is-risk-management-important-in-personal-financial-planning/
- Conclusion – https://saylordotorg.github.io/text_developing-new-products-and-services/s17-08-conclusion.html
- Conclusion | Chains of Finance: How Investment Management is Shaped – https://academic.oup.com/book/26686/chapter/195479944
- Investing 201: Conclusion – https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/investing-201-conclusion-saad-fazil?trk=articles_directory