Political Campaigns: Strategies for Success

What makes some political campaigns win big while others fall short? Is it just about being charming and well-known, or is there a secret recipe for success?

Political strategists and campaign managers know the secret to winning. It’s all about careful planning, hard work, and knowing what voters want. You need to define your purpose and build a strong online presence. This mix of old and new strategies is key to winning¹.

This guide will show you the best ways to boost your political campaign. It doesn’t matter if you’re new to politics or have been around for years. These tips will help you understand and tackle the challenges of today’s elections²³.

Key Takeaways

• Allocate 20% of effort towards strategy and 80% towards implementation for a successful political campaign¹.
• Start planning the 20% strategy from the onset of the campaign¹.
• Leverage digital tools and social media to enhance your campaign strategy and reach voters effectively²³.
• Prioritize field organizing and voter outreach to build relationships and drive GOTV efforts¹.
• Understand voter data and demographics to refine your campaign messaging and target the right audience¹.

Define Your “Why” and Establish Consistent Messaging

Starting a political campaign means defining your “why”. This is the personal reason you want to run and the vision for your people⁴. It’s vital to share your “why” clearly. This will be the core of your brand and message⁴.

A clear elevator pitch is the next step. It should quickly explain why you’re running, how you can help your area, and what makes you different from others⁴. Keeping your message the same everywhere – on your website, social media, and in public – builds trust with voters⁴.

Why are you running for office?

Your “why” should show your personal reasons, values, and what makes you stand out in politics⁴. Think deeply about why you want to be in office and how you can make a difference for your people.

Craft a concise elevator pitch that resonates with your base

Your elevator pitch should be short and to the point, summarizing your campaign in 30 seconds⁴. It should share your “why”, main policies, and what sets you apart from others⁴. Working on your pitch helps you connect with voters and keep your message strong and clear.

“A brand messaging hierarchy system helps companies communicate their values and goals in a clear and concise manner through brand messages.”⁵

Like brands, political candidates should aim for clear and consistent messaging⁵. A strong “why” and elevator pitch lay the groundwork for your brand and reaching out to voters.

Your “why” and elevator pitch are for the voters, not just you. Thinking about your audience helps you connect with them and get their support⁴.

Identify Your Target Audience and Calculate the Win Number

Building a winning political campaign starts with knowing your audience and what votes you need to win. By focusing on likely supporters and those who might change their mind, campaigns can use their resources wisely⁶. Knowing the “win number” – the fewest votes needed to win – helps decide where to spend time and money.

Segment Likely Supporters and the Persuasion Universe

Targeting voters is key to a campaign’s success. By looking at who votes and why, candidates find their strong supporters and those who might switch sides⁶. This helps tailor messages and efforts to hit home with voters.

Determine the Minimum Number of Votes Needed to Win

Finding the “win number” – the least votes needed to win – is vital for a campaign⁶. It depends on how many people will vote and how well the campaign can win them over. Knowing this helps decide where to spend resources and how to reach voters best.

“Effective voter targeting and win number calculation are the foundation of a winning political campaign strategy.” – Campaign Strategy Expert

To figure out the win number, campaigns look at voter data, see who they can convince, and guess voter turnout⁶. This approach helps make smart choices about where to spend time and money.

Develop a Rapid Response Plan and Leverage Earned Media

In today’s fast-paced political campaigns, having a rapid response plan is key. It helps keep control of the story and tackle challenges quickly⁷. A good plan lets candidates address false stories fast, stay relevant, and connect with people⁷.

Using earned media like op-eds and interviews is also powerful. It helps spread a campaign’s main messages and gain momentum⁷. By making the candidate look like an expert on important issues, campaigns can reach more people and shape public opinion⁷.

Good rapid response planning is more than just reacting to news or attacks. It needs research, getting ready, and a smart way to tackle weaknesses and speak to the core of issues⁷. Campaigns should look for potential attacks and watch the opposition to find where they can help and match their messages⁷.

Having a schedule for watching news and social media, and rules for what to say, helps with quick responses. It makes sure responses are clear, consistent, and strong⁷. Also, talking about how quick responses work helps improve them and make messages better⁷.

Campaigns should pick their battles carefully, focusing on issues that fit their message and where they can make a difference⁷. But they must be ready to act fast and strongly when needed⁷. With a strong rapid response plan and using earned media well, campaigns can control the story, tackle challenges, and boost their chances of winning⁷.

Political campaigns can also use social media to reach lots of people and talk to voters right away⁹. Social media gives a huge reach, lets you target people well, and helps you keep an eye on trends⁹.

Campaigns can share news fast, run online donation drives, and work with influencers to spread their message wider⁹. Social media also lets citizens join in the political talk, letting candidates talk directly to millions of voters and get noticed⁹.

But, social media has its downsides. False information and polarization can be big problems for campaigns⁹. By having a strong social media plan, campaigns can use these platforms well and avoid risks⁹.

“Rapid response is not just about reacting to attacks or events; it’s about proactively shaping the narrative and staying ahead of the curve.” – Campaign Strategist

In political campaigns, a good rapid response plan and using earned media smartly can be the key to success or failure⁷⁸⁹. By being ready for challenges, making strong messages, and using social media well, campaigns can keep control of the story and connect with voters deeply and effectively⁷⁸⁹.

Build an Engaging Website with Essential Pages

In today’s digital world, having a strong online presence is key for political campaigns. A well-designed website helps candidates share their message and engage with voters¹⁰. It’s important for a campaign to have a modern website to stay relevant¹⁰. A good website shows a candidate is well-funded, sophisticated, and current with tech.

Homepage, About, Issues, Take Action, and Donation Pages

A campaign website should have key pages to share the candidate’s platform and encourage action¹⁰. Important pages include About, Issues, Newsfeed/Blog, Contact Us, and a donation form. These help introduce the candidate, share their policies, engage visitors, and make it easy to donate and volunteer.

Optimize for Mobile Users and Incorporate Calls-to-Action

¹⁰ Making websites mobile-friendly is key to reach more people and avoid looking old-fashioned¹⁰. Using social media on a campaign site helps connect with voters and links to social pages¹⁰. Adding donation forms directly on the site makes giving easier and safer.

¹¹ Campaign Partner offers various plans for political candidates, from $29/month for small campaigns to $64/month for big ones¹¹. These plans come with over 40 professional designs, volunteer forms, event scheduling, and tools to track campaign success.

¹¹ Users praise Campaign Partner for its great customer service and website management, making it a top choice for many campaigns¹¹. It has a month-to-month payment plan with clear pricing, no hidden fees, or setup charges.

By focusing on a mobile-friendly website with key pages and clear actions, candidates can better connect with voters, boost engagement, and increase their chances of winning¹¹¹²¹⁰.

Implement a Campaign CRM for Data Management

Managing data well is key to a winning political campaign. Using a campaign CRM is vital for keeping track of supporters, donors, and volunteers¹³. Tools like NGP VAN’s Digital 8 help with sending emails, tracking online actions, and working with other campaign tools¹³.

A CRM database helps save time on data entry, letting teams focus on reaching out to voters and improving their messages¹³. It also gives real-time updates on how the campaign is doing and what voters think¹³. It’s important to have secure data tools and strong reporting to handle sensitive information¹³.

Choosing a CRM that can grow with your campaign is key, as your data and activities can change¹³. Setting it up means getting it ready, moving data over, and training staff and volunteers¹³. NGP VAN is a top choice for many campaigns, offering great tools for organizing, raising money, and following the rules¹³.

CRM prices vary, so it’s important to pick one that fits your campaign’s budget and needs¹⁴¹⁵. You can find free or paid options like NationBuilder, HubSpot, and Datrm.in¹⁴¹⁵. A good CRM helps manage data better, gets more people involved, and can lead to winning elections¹³.

Start Planning Early and Conduct Competitor Analysis

Starting your campaign early and understanding your opponents is key. By looking at what your competitors do well and where they struggle, you can craft your message and plan your strategy. This helps you stand out and be ready for debates¹⁶. Planning and researching early gives you an edge and a clear path for your campaign¹⁶.

Assess Opponents’ Strengths, Weaknesses, and Positions

Studying your competitors is vital to grasp the political scene and find your unique spot¹⁷. You need to look at their market spot, what they offer, how they price things, and what customers say¹⁶. By sorting your competitors into different groups, you can see their strong and weak points¹⁶.

Comparing your main opponents on quality, price, and customer happiness gives you important clues¹⁶. This helps you spot gaps in the market, create better products, find trends, and boost your marketing¹⁷.

Looking at how your competitors use the internet, their content, and social media can reveal their strategy¹⁸. Knowing their strengths and weaknesses lets you stand out and be a strong choice for voters¹⁷.

“Competitor analysis is the process of identifying key competitors, understanding their strengths and weaknesses, and using that information to improve your own business strategy.”¹⁸

When planning your campaign, remember, analyzing your competitors is crucial for winning¹⁶. Start early and be thorough to stand out and connect with voters¹⁷¹⁶¹⁸.

Understand the Political Landscape and Voter Concerns

To make a winning campaign, it’s key to know the political landscape and what voters care about. Look at the trends, what people are feeling, and the big issues. This helps candidates make messages and policies that speak to people.

About 42% of voters usually show up¹⁹, and there are 15,263 registered voters in the area¹⁹. To win, a candidate might need around 3,206 votes¹⁹. Campaigns focus on different groups, like those who might change their mind or strong supporters, based on the political scene¹⁹.

Analyze the Political Climate and Demographics

Understanding the political climate means looking at what people think, what issues matter, and how the area is changing. This helps make messages and outreach plans that really speak to voters²⁰.

Campaigns use mailers, social media, and emails to share their message and listen to voters¹⁹. They should also have a solid finance plan to keep track of money and spending. This helps use resources well and keeps the campaign going¹⁹.

Leverage Deep Canvassing and Voter Engagement

Deep canvassing is a way to really listen and understand what voters are worried about²¹. It helps candidates get what people really think and adjust their messages and policies.

Using data to target voters can also help a campaign reach the right people²¹. By focusing on what voters need and want, candidates can build a stronger bond with the public. This can lead to a better chance of winning.

“Understanding the political landscape and addressing voter concerns is the cornerstone of a successful campaign. By listening to the community and tailoring our message, we can build a campaign that resonates with the people and effectively represents their interests.”

¹⁹²¹²⁰

Leverage Digital Tools and Software for Organization

In today’s fast-paced political campaigns, using digital tools and software can change the game. These tools help campaigns work better, improve team work, and get ahead. They offer everything from campaign management to communication tools, making campaigns more organized and effective.

MiniVan from NGP VAN is a key tool for door-to-door canvassing. In 2018, it helped 71% of Democratic and progressive campaigns with their door-knocking efforts²². ActBlue is another big name, focusing on small donations, which have grown a lot lately²².

For smaller campaigns, Action Network offers email marketing and text messaging starting at $10 a month for 1,000 emails²². Mobilize makes managing events better by working with other platforms like ActBlue and NGP VAN, making everything work together smoothly²².

NGP VAN also offers a wide range of services for campaigns. It helps with events, contacts, phone banking, email, fundraising, and more, all in one place²². Reach provides tools for team work, managing contacts, canvassing, registering voters, and sharing content to boost support and voter turnout²².

Using these digital tools and software wisely can help campaigns work better, improve team work, and make smart decisions. By using technology, campaigns can use their resources better, reach more people, and increase their chances of winning.

Using these digital tools and software well can really help a political campaign. It can make the campaign work better, improve team work, and increase its success. By using these resources wisely, campaigns can work more efficiently, manage data better, and have a bigger impact²².

Prioritize Field Organizing and Voter Outreach

In the complex world of political campaigns, field organizing and voter outreach are key. They help drive engagement and get votes. With so many elected offices, from the U.S. House and Senate to local ones, campaigns must plan well to reach their audience²³.

Implement Effective Canvassing and GOTV Strategies

Door-to-door canvassing and other direct voter outreach work well. They help persuade and get supporters active. A strong canvassing program lets campaigns connect with voters directly, listen to their concerns, and get their vote promises²⁴.

Get Out the Vote (GOTV) strategies are also key to making sure supporters vote. Campaigns that use GOTV well, like with volunteer phone banks and text reminders, see more people voting²⁵.

To make field organizing and voter outreach work better, campaigns should use distributed organizing. This lets volunteers do more, reaching more people in their communities. By giving volunteers the right tools and support, campaigns can use their supporters’ energy and commitment²⁴.

A strong field strategy and good GOTV efforts can really make a difference in close races. Campaigns that focus on these, using data and expert advice, are more likely to win²⁵.

“Effective field organizing can translate into tangible votes and help campaigns achieve their goals.”

Obtain Voter Data and Build a Comprehensive Voter File

Building a detailed voter file is key for a winning political campaign. Campaigns can look at local authorities, political party tools, and third-party sellers for voter data²⁶. This helps them sort their audience, find likely supporters, and focus their messages.

VAN (Voter Activation Network) and SmartVAN are great for storing and analyzing voter info²⁶. These tools let campaigns learn a lot, like how people feel about issues on a scale from 1 to 5²⁶. It’s important to target specific groups, like likely Democrats, based on district trends²⁶. Looking at precincts can show where to reach out based on past votes²⁶.

Campaigns can also use other ways to get a full voter file²⁷. They can look at state and national voter files, data vendors, public records, surveys, polls, social media, and CRM software²⁷. It’s key to change messages based on what voters say during outreach²⁶. VAN lets campaigns track volunteer work and other supporter actions²⁶.

Getting the right and current voter data is key for a campaign’s plan²⁸. Voter files can show party affiliation and race well, but not always education levels, which can be 27% to 66% correct²⁸. Campaigns must check public record data carefully and follow election laws when using it for voter ID²⁷.

By getting a full voter file and using different data sources, campaigns can better understand their audience and target their efforts²⁶. Tracking early voting in VAN helps campaigns get supporters to vote early²⁶. Talking to supporters who likely will vote is key before Election Day to make sure they know how to vote²⁶.

“Voter files are more reflective of the registered voter population than the general public as a whole, limiting their usefulness for researchers and other users in studying broader demographics.”²⁸

In summary, getting the right and full voter data is key for a winning campaign. By using many data sources and building a strong voter file, campaigns can better understand their audience, target their messages, and boost their chances of winning²⁶²⁸²⁷.

Segment and Target Voters Based on Likelihood to Vote

Creating a winning campaign means knowing who will vote and focusing on them²⁹. By looking at voting patterns, like White voters supporting Republicans by 57%, campaigns can aim their messages better²⁹.

Targeting specific voters is key to winning³⁰. Tools like Facebook Ads Manager help create groups of voters based on things like age and where they live³⁰. This way, campaigns can make their ads more relevant and effective.

It’s important to know who will likely vote²⁹. Young people under 30 tend to vote Democratic at 68%, while older voters stick with Republicans at 35%²⁹. Using this info, campaigns can use their resources wisely and focus on the most likely voters.

Using detailed voter data and predictive models helps campaigns target the right voters³¹. Political data firms are key in this, gathering and checking data to help campaigns make smart choices³¹.

Targeted outreach is vital for using campaign resources well and engaging voters³⁰. By knowing what different voters want, campaigns can make messages that hit the mark. This helps them use their resources better and boost their chances of winning³⁰.

“Segmenting audiences based on shared characteristics like age, donation frequency, and location can improve ad relevance.”³⁰

Capture Voter Issues and Represent Their Concerns

Successful political campaigns know how to connect with voters and tackle their worries. They use surveys, canvassing, and social media to get voter issues right³². This way, they can make sure their messages hit home with the community.

Utilize Surveys, Canvassing, and Social Media Engagement

Surveys and canvassing let you talk directly with voters and find out what they care about³². Social media is also key for hearing from people and understanding their views. By using these methods, you can really get to know what voters are worried about.

Establish a Codified System for Data Collection

It’s vital to have a clear way to collect and look at voter worries. This might mean using tags or hashtags for feedback from surveys, canvassing, and social media³³. A clear system helps you spot trends, see how people feel, and shape your campaign’s message and policies.

Putting voter concerns at the heart of your campaign builds trust and support³². By focusing on voter concerns, issue capture, and data collection, you show you’re a true advocate for the people’s needs.

“Connecting with voters and understanding their concerns is the foundation of a successful political campaign. By prioritizing issue capture and data-driven decision making, you can ensure your messaging resonates and your policy positions address the needs of your community.”

Getting at voter concerns, issue capture, and thorough data collection is key for political campaigns. Using different methods and a clear data system helps your campaign stand up for the people. This can boost your chances of winning³²³⁴³³.

Explore Effective Funding Models and Budgeting

Creating a solid campaign funding plan and budget is key to winning a political race. Candidates should look at how successful campaigns in their area fund their efforts. They can learn a lot from these examples. By looking at different ways to make money, like events, party help, and online donations, candidates can spread out their funding and get the most bang for their buck.

Research Successful Campaigns and Fundraising Strategies

Small donor public financing is a good way to fund campaigns. It lessens the power of big donors and encourages candidates to get support from many people³⁵. Tax breaks for small donations also get more people involved in funding campaigns, making sure everyone’s voice is heard³⁵. Campaigns that use this method do well, like New York City’s system which matches donations, making a $50 gift worth $350³⁵.

Candidates should also check out how their opponents and winners budget their money. Most places use a step-by-step budgeting method, making small changes to what they spend instead of a big review³⁶. This helps candidates plan their budget better and more strategically.

By looking at successful campaigns, finding different ways to make money, and planning their budget well, candidates can build a strong financial base. This can really help them win³⁷.

“Small donor public financing providing a multiple match on modest donations has proven effective in empowering regular citizens and reducing the influence of special interests in elections.”³⁵

Build a Strong Campaign Team with Key Positions

Building the right team is key to winning in politics. Candidates need to think about their budget and what their campaign needs. They should pick people with the right skills for important jobs³⁸.

These jobs include campaign managers, consultants, digital directors, and finance experts. Each person is crucial for the campaign’s success³⁸.

The campaign manager is the heart of the team. They handle everything and talk directly to the candidate³⁹. They make sure the campaign’s message is clear, manage the team, and keep an eye on the budget and voter outreach. They also follow campaign finance laws.

Good communication and being well-organized are a must for this job. The campaign manager has to deal with a lot of stress.

Other key roles are the treasurer, digital director, finance director, field director, volunteer coordinator, and various consultants³⁹. The size and experience of the team affect how much support the campaign manager needs³⁹.

A diverse and skilled team can solve problems better and reach more people⁴⁰. Being able to communicate well, being reliable, and fitting in with the team are important. These traits help the team work together and succeed⁴⁰.

Candidates should think about how each team member will help before hiring them. This way, they can build a team that works well together and boosts their chances of winning³⁸. With the right people, candidates can share their message well and represent their supporters well.

“A cohesive campaign team is more likely to overcome challenges and succeed.”⁴⁰

In short, having a strong team with the right skills and fit is key for a political campaign. By picking and managing their team well, candidates can focus on their message, connect with voters, and reach their goals.

Conclusion

This guide has shown us how to run a winning political campaign in the U.S. Start by defining your “why” and know who you’re talking to. Build a strong online presence, use data and tech, and organize in the field. Also, having a great team is key to success⁴¹. Remember, planning early and being flexible is crucial in this ever-changing political world.

Studies have pointed out the need to understand voters and the role of media in campaigns⁴¹. They also show that voters are more active now, supporting candidates online and donating to their causes⁴². Plus, people tend to back candidates who share their beliefs and show strong leadership⁴³.

Using these strategies, candidates can lay a solid groundwork for their campaign success. This approach helps connect with voters and serve them better. The road ahead is tough, but with a good plan, a committed team, and a focus on voters’ needs, winning is more achievable⁴¹⁴²⁴³.

Source Links

1. Campaign Strategies for a Successful Political Campaign – https://www.ecanvasser.com/blog/campaign-strategies
2. Political Advertising: A Guide to Campaign Messaging Success – https://www.mni.com/blog/political-campaign-messaging-success
3. 21 Tips to Make a Successful Social Media Political Campaign – Juicer Social – https://www.juicer.io/blog/21-tips-for-creating-a-successful-social-media-political-campaign
4. Launch a Winning Campaign: 10 Political Campaign Strategies – NGP VAN – https://www.ngpvan.com/blog/political-campaign-strategies/
5. Why You Need a Brand Messaging Hierarchy for Consistent Communication – https://www.huddlecreative.com/blog/why-a-brand-messaging-hierarchy-brings-consistent-communication
6. How to write a comprehensive political campaign plan – NGP VAN – https://www.ngpvan.com/blog/political-campaign-plan/
7. PDF – https://irp.cdn-website.com/022fb584/files/uploaded/Rapid Response Checklist.pdf
8. Rapid Response Fundraising: How to Leverage Episodic Giving – https://www.ipmadvancement.com/blog/rapid-response-fundraising-how-to-leverage-episodic-giving
9. In What Ways Can Social Media Be Used In Election Campaigns? – https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/what-ways-can-social-media-used-election-campaigns-chunav-parchar
10. How to Create a Political Campaign Website: Tips & Examples – https://cornershopcreative.com/blog/political-website-design/
11. Campaign Partner: We Make Political Campaign Websites Easy – https://www.campaignpartner.com/
12. Essential Website Pages: Enhance Your Site with Expert Tips – MailerLite – https://www.mailerlite.com/blog/web-pages-a-website-should-have
13. The Ultimate Guide to CRMs for Political Campaigns – NGP VAN – https://www.ngpvan.com/blog/crm-for-political-campaigns/
14. Want A CRM For Political Campaigns? Here Are The Top 9 – https://callhub.io/blog/political-campaign/crm-for-political-campaigns/
15. The 5 Best CRMs for Political Campaigns – Best Practice Digital – https://bestpracticedigital.com/the-5-best-crms-for-political-campaigns/
16. What is a Competitive Analysis — and How Do You Conduct One? – https://blog.hubspot.com/marketing/competitive-analysis-kit
17. What Is a Competitive Analysis & How to Do It (With Template) – https://www.semrush.com/blog/competitive-analysis/
18. 5 Steps to Conducting a Competitive Market Analysis | Elmhurst University – https://www.elmhurst.edu/blog/competitive-market-analysis/
19. How to run a successful political campaign in 7 steps – NGP VAN – https://www.ngpvan.com/blog/how-to-run-a-political-campaign/
20. Persuading Voters: Political Campaigns | The Presidential Election Process | Elections | Classroom Materials at the Library of Congress | Library of Congress – https://www.loc.gov/classroom-materials/elections/presidential-election-process/persuading-voters-political-campaigns/
21. Data-driven political campaigns in practice: understanding and regulating diverse data-driven campaigns – https://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/data-driven-political-campaigns-practice-understanding-and-regulating-diverse-data
22. 6 Political Campaign Software Options to Win Your Election | Reach – https://www.reach.vote/blog/6-political-campaign-software-options-to-win-your-election/
23. Guide to Working on Political Campaigns – Harvard Law School – https://hls.harvard.edu/bernard-koteen-office-of-public-interest-advising/a-quick-guide-to-working-on-political-campaigns/
24. A Guide to Distributed Organizing For Political Campaigns – NGP VAN – https://www.ngpvan.com/blog/distributed-organizing-guide/
25. Make Your Voter Outreach Connect With Every Kind of Voter – https://callhub.io/blog/campaign-organizing/voter-outreach-to-boost-every-voter-bloc/
26. How to use voter data to win your race  – NGP VAN – https://www.ngpvan.com/blog/how-to-use-voter-data-to-win-your-race/
27. How To Build A Voter List For Your Election Campaign – https://callhub.io/blog/political-campaign/build-voter-list/
28. Q&A: The growing use of ‘voter files’ in studying the U.S. electorate – https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2018/02/15/voter-files-study-qa/
29. 2. Voting patterns in the 2022 elections – https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2023/07/12/voting-patterns-in-the-2022-elections/
30. 7 Ad Targeting Strategies to Support Your Political Campaign – NGP VAN – https://www.ngpvan.com/blog/ad-targeting-strategies/
31. How political campaigns use your data – https://www.reuters.com/graphics/USA-ELECTION/DATA-VISUAL/yxmvjjgojvr/
32. Poll Watchers and Challengers – https://www.ncsl.org/elections-and-campaigns/poll-watchers-and-challengers
33. 5 Ensuring the Integrity of Elections | Securing the Vote: Protecting American Democracy – https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/25120/chapter/7
34. Election – Representation, Voter Choice, Accountability – https://www.britannica.com/topic/election-political-science/Functions-of-elections
35. Public Campaign Financing – https://www.brennancenter.org/issues/reform-money-politics/public-campaign-financing
36. A Guide to Evidence-Based Budget Development – https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/issue-briefs/2016/07/a-guide-to-evidence-based-budget-development
37. Planning a Political Campaign: Guide to Field Organizing – NGP VAN – https://www.ngpvan.com/blog/what-is-field-organizing/
38. The Perfect Political Campaign Team – https://www.ecanvasser.com/blog/perfect-political-team
39. Political Campaign Management Basics: What It Takes to Win – NGP VAN – https://www.ngpvan.com/blog/political-campaign-management/
40. Building a Winning Campaign Team: How to Choose the Right People – https://proximitycampaigns.com/building-a-winning-campaign-team-how-to-choose-the-right-people/
41. Conclusion: The Contemporary Election Campaign – https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-349-22411-1_12
42. Key findings about voter engagement in the 2020 election – https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2020/12/14/key-findings-about-voter-engagement-in-the-2020-election/
43. Conclusion – Candidates and Voters – https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/candidates-and-voters/conclusion/29328154A0A680DCE7B6616DA6F1AE7D