political leadership

Political Leadership: Shaping America’s Future

Please Share This Blog!

Can our nation’s leaders guide us towards a better future1? Only 4% of Americans think the political system works well, and over 60% doubt the future of politics1. We need strong leadership more than ever.

The U.S. faces big challenges like deep divisions and the impact of money on politics1. Political leaders must step up to lead the country forward. This article explores the challenges and importance of leadership in today’s world.

Key Takeaways

  • Only 4% of U.S. adults believe the political system is working extremely or very well, while the majority express dissatisfaction1.
  • Approximately 63% of respondents lack confidence in the future of the U.S. political system1.
  • Trust in the federal government is low, with only 16% of the public saying they trust it always or most of the time1.
  • Majorities of Americans support age and term limits, as well as eliminating the Electoral College1.
  • The cost of political campaigns is seen as a significant barrier for good people to run for office, according to 85% of respondents1.

The State of U.S. Politics: Public Dissatisfaction and Distrust

Americans have a negative view of politics and those in office. They criticize the government and both major parties2. Only 4% of U.S. adults think the political system works well2. About 6 in 10 Americans don’t trust the political system much or at all2.

Just 16% of people trust the federal government always or most of the time2. This shows how little confidence there is in the system.

Widespread Criticism of Government Branches and Political Parties

Many Americans are unhappy with the U.S. political system. They see problems with the three government branches and both the Democratic and Republican parties2. Most people think lobbyists and special interests have too much power2.

Only 12% see the government’s structure as a strength2. Nearly three-in-ten have a bad view of both the Democratic and Republican parties2.

Growing Dislike for Both Major Political Parties

Both major political parties face criticism from the public2. Many Americans are unhappy with the 2024 presidential candidates2. 55% feel angry with politics, while only 10% are hopeful2.

56% couldn’t name a strength in the political system2. This shows a growing dislike for the two-party system.

“The widespread criticism of government branches and political parties, coupled with the growing dislike for both major parties, suggests a deep-seated dissatisfaction with the current state of U.S. politics.” – Political Analyst

The data shows a worrying view of U.S. politics and its institutions2. This lack of trust highlights the need for reforms and trust in democracy2.

Influence of Money and Special Interests in Politics

Money and special interests are making politics less trusted and less liked by the public3. A few wealthy donors give a lot to political campaigns, thanks to Super PACs3. Dark money groups hide who gives money, making it hard for voters to know what’s going on3.

Perceptions of Campaign Finance and Lobbying Influence

Most Americans want less money spent on politics4. They think big donors have too much power over Congress4. Both Republicans and Democrats agree that big donors are too influential4.

People worry a lot about lobbyists and special interests5. Most Americans think these groups have too much power5. They also think Congress members mix their personal and work finances too much5.

Perceptions of Campaign Finance and Lobbying Influence Percentage
Support for limiting the amount of money spent on political campaigns 72%
Belief that large campaign donors have too much influence on Congress 83% (Republicans), 80% (Democrats)
Agreement that there should be campaign spending limits 76% (Democrats), 71% (Republicans)
Belief that special interest groups and lobbyists exert too much influence on politics 84%
Belief that lobbyists and special interest groups have too much influence on Congress 73%
Criticize members of Congress for not keeping their personal financial interests separate from their work 80%

People are really upset about money and special interests in politics3. There are many ideas to fix this, like limiting donations and making spending clear3. Fixing this will be a big challenge for leaders345.

Polarization and Partisan Conflicts

The political scene in the U.S. is getting more divided and stuck6. Studies show the gap between the two main political sides is the biggest in 60 years7. Most Republicans are way to the right of the average Democrat, and most Democrats are way to the left of the average Republican7.

This deep partisanship is worrying. Over 86% of Americans think both parties are fighting more than solving problems6. Also, 57% say there’s too much focus on party fights, and 78% think there’s not enough on real issues6.

Since 1994, the dislike between political sides has grown a lot in both parties7. Now, 43% of Republicans and 38% of Democrats really dislike the other side7. This division has made people lose trust in many groups and systems8.

This division affects more than politics8. It can lead to less trust in society and more power struggles instead of solving problems8. High conflict can also make it harder for foreign investors to come into the U.S. and affect how companies are rated6.

To fix this, we need leaders who can bring people together and focus on big issues8. By working together, politicians can rebuild trust in democracy and tackle big problems8.

We need to balance our internal fights with our goals for the country8. Finding common ground and focusing on everyone’s well-being is key to beating the divisive politics we’re in8.

Americans’ Predictions for the Future

Americans see a mixed future for the country’s global influence. Most U.S. adults think the nation’s influence will drop in the next few decades9. They also believe China will soon become more powerful than the U.S9.. These views show a lot of uncertainty and worry about the U.S.’s place in the world.

People are also worried about the economy. Over half think the U.S. economy will get weaker in the next 30 years9. They also expect a big gap between the rich and the poor, with more people living in poverty9. These predictions highlight concerns about the economy and social divisions.

The U.S. Role in the World and Economic Outlook

According to the Pew Research Center, six-in-ten U.S. adults think the U.S. will be less important globally by 20509. Over half also believe China will surpass the U.S. as the top world power9. A majority sees a weaker U.S. economy in the next three decades9. This shows the nation’s uncertain economic future.

Expectations for Income Inequality and Class Divisions

Americans expect a bigger gap between the rich and the poor, with 73% thinking income inequality will grow9. Most people also predict more people will be in the lower class by 20509. These forecasts suggest deeper class divisions and a shrinking middle class. This could greatly affect the country’s social and economic structure.

“Six-in-ten adults predict that the U.S. will be less important in the world in 2050.”9

Prediction Percentage of Americans
U.S. will be less important in the world by 2050 60%9
China will overtake the U.S. as the world’s main superpower 53%9
U.S. economy will be weaker in 30 years 54%9
Gap between the rich and the poor will grow 73%9
Share of the lower class will increase 62%9

Proposals for Political Reforms

Many Americans are unhappy with the government and its leaders. They want big changes to the political system. Most people support ideas like setting term limits for Congress members and getting rid of the Electoral College10.

Public Support for Term Limits and Electoral College Reform

Most adults, 87%, think it’s a good idea to have term limits for Congress10. Also, 79% of adults like the idea of age limits for elected officials and Supreme Court justices10.

For presidential elections, 65% of Americans think it’s better to use a popular vote instead of the Electoral College10. But opinions differ by party. Democrats are more likely to support a popular vote, with 82% in favor. Only 47% of Republicans agree10.

Proposed Reforms Public Support
Term limits for members of Congress 87% of adults10
Age limits for federal elected officials and Supreme Court justices 79% of adults10
Changing presidential election system to popular vote 65% of Americans, 82% of Democrats, 47% of Republicans10
Requirement for voters to show government-issued ID 76% of Americans, 93% of Republicans, 61% of Democrats10
Automatic voter registration for all eligible citizens 62% of adults10
Increasing the number of Supreme Court justices 51% oppose, 66% of Democrats support, 27% of Republicans support10
Increasing the size of the House of Representatives 29% of adults support, 44% of those under 30 support10
Keeping the current Senate representation method with two senators per state 66% of adults prefer to keep the current system10

The data shows Americans want big changes in politics. They like ideas like term limits, Electoral College changes, and making voting easier10. But, they’re not so keen on making Congress bigger or changing the Senate10.

“The fundamental cure for the disease of democracy is empowering and enabling the citizens.” – Virginia Postrel

With growing political divides and public unhappiness, these reforms show what people want. They want a government that listens and represents them better10. Making these changes could help fix trust in democracy and shape the future of America10.

Political Leadership: Defining Qualities and Challenges

Effective political leadership is key to America’s future. But, many people don’t trust political leaders much11.

Studies show that strong leaders need to make good decisions, be honest, and handle tough policy issues12. They should also inspire others, share tasks well, and share their vision clearly12.

Political leaders in the U.S. face big challenges. They need to win back trust, solve big problems, and work together despite differences11. Finding a balance between democracy and strong leadership makes things harder11.

The need for good leadership in America is more important than ever11. Leaders must put the country first, work as a team, and build strong international connections12. By doing this, they can rebuild trust in democracy and lead to a better, united America12.

Leadership Qualities Challenges Faced by Political Leaders
  • Decision-making ability
  • Integrity
  • Capacity to navigate complex issues
  • Ability to inspire others
  • Effective delegation of tasks
  • Clear communication of vision
  1. Restoring public trust
  2. Addressing societal concerns
  3. Bridging ideological differences
  4. Balancing democratic egalitarianism and the need for leadership
  5. Prioritizing country’s interests over personal agendas
  6. Promoting teamwork and international cooperation

“Good political leadership requires a mix of charm, honesty, and the ability to make decisions for the betterment of the majority.”12

With many people unhappy and distrustful of U.S. politics, strong leadership is vital11. By showing the right leadership qualities and tackling challenges, leaders can rebuild trust and shape a better future12.

Civic Engagement and Constituent Representation

Civic engagement and effective representation are key to a strong democracy. MPs who connect with their people build strong political teams, keep winning elections, and make better laws13. This two-way talk between lawmakers and citizens builds trust in the government, making it stronger13.

It’s important to be open and easy to reach for citizens. This helps teach people about how parliament works, sets clear expectations, and builds trust13. Making sure everyone’s voice is heard, especially for women, youth, LGBTQ+, and minorities, is also vital13.

Keeping in touch with the community is key to finding common issues and solving them with laws13. Trust and learning about civic duties through clear talks are important for MPs to connect well with their people13.

But, MPs often have too little time and money to talk to everyone, so they need better tools and plans13. It’s important to manage people’s hopes and explain what can be done to keep them interested13.

The National Democratic Institute (NDI) has helped lawmakers and groups in over 60 countries for 20 years14. They offer advice on how to talk to the public, like through news, newsletters, and public events14. They also suggest ways to meet people, like visiting them, holding events, and doing surveys14.

The guide also talks about setting up local offices, keeping track of requests, and using tech for outreach14. By using these tips, lawmakers can make a stronger link with the people they represent, leading to more active citizens and better representation14.

Studies have looked into how people get involved in politics, the new ways of being a citizen, and how culture affects democracy15. They’ve also looked at how social connections have changed, new kinds of activism, and the role of volunteering in politics15. These findings can help make people more involved and connect them better with their leaders15.

“Civic engagement and effective constituent representation are essential for a thriving democracy. By fostering transparent and inclusive dialogue, lawmakers can build enduring relationships with their communities and develop more effective, sustainable legislative solutions.”

Policy Making and Governance Strategies

Effective policy making and governance strategies are key for leaders to tackle the nation’s big issues and shape its future16. They must balance complex policy development, often getting advice from top civil servants or missing out on broad policy networks16. The need for new policies grows as “wicked” problems like climate change and social inequality become more complex16.

Working together on policy can empower leaders and bring new solutions to society’s problems16. By working with both public and private groups, leaders can spark innovation and use everyone’s skills and resources16. Yet, in Western democracies, not many groups get to help politicians, which can slow down new policy making16.

More people want to take part in making policies, and working together is seen as a way to make leaders stronger and tackle tough issues16. This method can help leaders get past the mental and political barriers that stop them from finding new solutions16.

But, political leadership faces obstacles like globalization, media influence, and a lack of knowledge16. To overcome these, leaders need to work with different groups to solve problems16. This can boost their confidence and help them make and apply policies that meet the nation’s changing needs16.

“Collaborative policy innovation can enhance political leadership by mobilizing support and involving stakeholders in creating solutions.”

As the U.S. deals with policy making and governance, leaders should take a team approach to use the skills and resources of many16. By making policy together and involving citizens, leaders can tackle big challenges and strengthen American democracy16.

Building Trust and Restoring Faith in Democracy

Many Americans feel less trust in their government and democratic systems. It’s vital to rebuild this trust and faith in democracy17. Most Americans, 84%, think they can improve their trust in the government17. Also, 86% believe they can trust each other more17.

But fixing this trust issue is hard. White adults are more likely to think trust in government can get better, at 87%17. This is less true for black and Hispanic adults, at 71% and 81% respectively17. Education also matters, with a college degree making people more hopeful about government trust17.

American solutions to this problem vary widely. Many, 73%, offer specific ways to boost trust in government17. Some suggest political reforms, others talk about better leadership, and a few focus on President Trump’s actions17. Changing how we interact with each other, like being less tribal, is also seen as a solution17. 72% believe talking to different people and understanding each other can help build trust17.

Groups like the Mormon Women for Ethical Government (MWEG) in Omaha, Nebraska, are actively working to improve trust18. They quickly gained over 4,000 members from all political backgrounds, showing a strong desire for civic action and working together18. MWEG is fighting against unfair congressional maps and supporting efforts to increase trust in elections18. They back a bill that aims to bring people together in their communities18.

Democracy faces big challenges at home and abroad, making it crucial to rebuild trust19. By trying different approaches, like political changes and community involvement, we can work towards a better future19. The effort to protect democracy’s core values is strong and ongoing19.

Restoring faith in democracy

“The erosion of public trust in government and democratic institutions continues to be a pressing concern, and the imperative to rebuild this trust and restore faith in the democratic process has become increasingly crucial.”

The Role of political leadership in Shaping America’s Future

Effective political leadership is key to America’s future. Leaders with a clear vision and strategic planning can greatly impact the nation. They can guide the country through tough times and keep it prosperous and relevant worldwide20.

Today, people are unhappy with government, making strong, forward-thinking leadership vital21. Leaders must listen to the people, rebuild trust in government, and have plans for big issues. They need to improve the economy, security, and equality, and work with other countries too.

Good leaders balance vision with practicality and can work with both sides of the aisle21. By putting the country first, they can lead to progress, innovation, and global respect. This is key in a world full of challenges and changes.

Leaders must know what makes America strong and weak, and what’s coming next20. They need to be able to change plans quickly while sticking to democracy and the law. This way, they can keep America leading the world, make it prosperous, and improve life for everyone.

The role of political leaders in shaping America’s future is very important22. By having a vision for the future, making solid plans, and working together, they can overcome today’s challenges. This is what true leadership is all about, and it’s how America can reach its best potential.

“Leadership is not about a title or a designation. It’s about impact, influence, and inspiration.” – Robin S. Sharma

Fostering Bipartisanship and Cooperation

In today’s divided political scene, we need more bipartisanship and cooperation from leaders. These divisions often stop the government from solving big issues, making many Americans feel let down23.

But, there’s hope. Lawmakers are starting to see the value in working together. The Building Unity through Dual Sponsors (BUDS) Resolution is a good example. It lets two members from different parties work on laws together23. This could help lawmakers find common ground on big issues23.

The House Select Committee on the Modernization of Congress is also pushing for teamwork. It has an equal number of Republicans and Democrats. In four years, they’ve made over 200 bipartisan suggestions, with most being put into action24. They even share staff, which helps everyone work better together24.

There are also efforts outside of Congress to bring people together. Groups like the Public Affairs Officers Roundtable and the Chief Diversity Officers Council are made up of people from different backgrounds. They work together to make government services better25.

To fix our democracy and tackle big issues, leaders must work across party lines. By doing so, they can solve problems and create a better future for everyone.

“Bipartisanship is not an option, it is a necessity. The challenges we face as a nation are too great for any one party to solve alone.”

Addressing Key Issues and Challenges

Political leaders in the United States aim to create a better future. They face many policy priorities, societal challenges, economic issues, and global competitiveness concerns26. They need to improve leadership, motivate others, and guide change26. It’s important to work well together and be clear about roles26.

Leaders must tackle big societal challenges that go beyond their borders27. The world is seeing more conflicts and crises that need strong leadership to solve27. Leaders must put aside political differences and work with various groups to find lasting solutions27.

Leaders also need to deal with economic issues and worries about global competitiveness28. Many people don’t trust their governments or politicians28. Leaders must show empathy and integrity to rebuild trust in democracy28. It’s key to focus on personal responsibility and public service28.

By tackling these big challenges together, with a focus on values, political leaders can lead the U.S. to a brighter future262728.

“Effective political leadership requires more than just knowledge and skills; it also necessitates empathy, vision, and integrity.”

Empowering Citizens and Strengthening Democratic Processes

A strong democracy in America needs citizens who are active and informed. Citizens are key in shaping the future29. It’s important to encourage people to take part in civic life and hold those in power accountable30.

Investing in civic education is a big step towards a stronger democracy. Giving citizens the knowledge they need about their rights and government helps them make better choices30. Schools, community groups, and government should work together to teach these important lessons.

It’s also key to make government more open and accountable to bring back trust. People need to see how decisions are made and what their leaders do31. Digital tools like open data and online forums can help make this happen.

We must also tackle the issues of deep divisions and money’s big role in politics. Encouraging cooperation, compromise, and a focus on what’s best for everyone can lead to better government and a wider range of voices heard.30

Empowering citizens and making democracy stronger are crucial for America’s future. Through active participation, holding leaders accountable, and sticking to democratic values, the U.S. can work towards a brighter and more inclusive future29.

“A healthy democracy requires an informed and engaged citizenry, committed to the values of openness, tolerance, and the rule of law.”

29

Conclusion

This deep dive into political leadership shows us how key it is for America’s future. The insights and perspectives highlight the crucial role of leaders in keeping the country moving forward32.

With more people losing faith in government, we need leaders who can bring back trust. They must empower citizens and tackle big issues. Women, still underrepresented, need more support to join in and bring new ideas33.

The future of the United States relies on its leaders working together. They must put aside party differences and make smart, fact-based decisions for everyone. By using solid research and the best practices from around the world, they can regain trust and make America a leader in democracy again34.

FAQ

What is the current state of American politics and the public’s views on the political system?

Americans have a negative view of politics and elected officials. Many criticize the government and political leaders. Only 4% think the political system works well, and 63% have little or no confidence in its future.

How do Americans perceive the influence of money and special interests in politics?

Americans feel big donors and special interests have too much power. Most believe big donors and lobbyists have too much influence on Congress. There’s also support for limiting campaign spending.

How does partisan polarization affect the public’s view of the political system?

Polarization makes people unhappy with politics. Most see politics as focused on fighting rather than solving problems. Many think there’s too much focus on conflicts and not enough on important issues.

What are Americans’ predictions for the future of the United States?

Americans have mixed feelings about the future. They’re hopeful about the country’s future but worry about specific issues. Many think the U.S. will be less important globally and China might surpass the U.S.

What reforms do Americans support to address the issues in the political system?

Americans want changes like term limits for Congress and ending the Electoral College. They also support age limits for elected officials and the Supreme Court.

What are the defining qualities and key challenges of political leadership in the United States?

People want leaders who can make good decisions and act with integrity. Leaders face challenges like rebuilding trust and addressing big issues. They must also work across party lines to make progress.

How important is civic engagement and constituent representation in shaping the political landscape?

People want elected officials to listen and act on their concerns. The article looks at ways to get more citizens involved in politics. It also talks about how to improve the connection between leaders and their communities.

What are the key policy-making and governance strategies employed by political leaders and institutions?

Leaders face challenges in solving complex issues and balancing different interests. The article looks at how they make decisions and the importance of working together. It also talks about the role of data and evidence in policy-making.

How can political leaders rebuild public trust in government and restore faith in the democratic process?

Leaders need to address corruption and partisan issues to regain trust. The article looks at ways to make government more transparent and accountable. It also explores how to get citizens more involved in politics.

What is the critical role of political leadership in shaping the future of the United States?

Strong leadership is key to tackling the country’s big challenges. The article highlights the importance of vision and strategy in leading the country forward. It looks at how leaders can drive progress and keep the U.S. prosperous and influential.

How can increased bipartisanship and cooperation among political leaders help address the nation’s pressing issues?

Working together is crucial for solving big problems. The article shares examples of successful cooperation and strategies for improving political dialogue. It aims to create a more constructive political environment.

What are the key issues and challenges that political leaders must address to shape a brighter future for the United States?

Leaders need to focus on issues like economic stability and global competitiveness. The article discusses how visionary leadership and effective policies can address these challenges. It aims to position the U.S. for success in the future.

How can empowering citizens and strengthening democratic processes contribute to the future of the United States?

Getting citizens more involved is crucial for the country’s future. The article looks at ways to improve transparency and educate the public. It highlights the importance of an informed and active citizenry in shaping the country’s future.

Source Links

  1. Americans’ Dismal Views of the Nation’s Politics – https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2023/09/19/americans-dismal-views-of-the-nations-politics/
  2. Navigating the Challenges of the U.S. Political Landscape – https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/trust/archive/winter-2024/navigating-the-challenges-of-the-us-political-landscape
  3. Influence of Big Money – https://www.brennancenter.org/issues/reform-money-politics/influence-big-money
  4. 5. Money, power and the influence of ordinary people in American politics – https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2023/09/19/money-power-and-the-influence-of-ordinary-people-in-american-politics/
  5. 7 facts about Americans’ views of money in politics – https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/10/23/7-facts-about-americans-views-of-money-in-politics/
  6. Partisan Conflict in the U.S. and Potential Impacts on the Economy – https://www.richmondfed.org/publications/research/economic_brief/2023/eb_23-20
  7. Political Polarization in the American Public – https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2014/06/12/political-polarization-in-the-american-public/
  8. The Impact of Increased Political Polarization – https://news.gallup.com/opinion/polling-matters/268982/impact-increased-political-polarization.aspx
  9. 1. America in 2050 – https://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2019/03/21/america-in-2050/
  10. 10. How Americans view proposals to change the political system – https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2023/09/19/how-americans-view-proposals-to-change-the-political-system/
  11. Political Leadership A New Conceptual Framework – https://www.scirp.org/journal/paperinformation?paperid=121735
  12. Good Political Leadership | Importance of Political Leader| B.PAC – https://bpac.in/what-defines-good-political-leadership/
  13. Serving As a Representative of the People: A Guide to Engaging Your Constituents – https://www.iri.org/resources/iri-unveils-constituent-engagement-guide/
  14. untitled – https://leg.mt.gov/content/For-Legislators/orientation/constituent-relations-ndi.pdf
  15. Political participation and civic engagement: Towards a new typology – https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.2478/s13374-012-0024-1/html
  16. PDF – https://forskning.ruc.dk/files/63156389/Strengthening_Political_Leadership_and_Policy_Innovation.pdf
  17. 4. Americans’ solutions for trust-related problems – https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2019/07/22/americans-solutions-for-trust-related-problems/
  18. Emma Petty Addams: Restoring Faith in Democracy – The American Leader – https://theamericanleader.org/leader/emma-petty-addams-restoring-faith-in-democracy/
  19. A Guide to Restoring Faith in Democracy | Los Angeles Review of Books – https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/a-guide-to-restoring-faith-in-democracy
  20. Why America Must Lead, an Essay by Robert Kagan, Ph.D via The Catalyst – https://www.bushcenter.org/catalyst/leadership/why-america-must-lead/
  21. Presidential Elections and the American Political System  – https://dk.usembassy.gov/usa-i-skolen/presidential-elections-and-the-american-political-system/
  22. American Leadership in the World – https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-record/foreign-policy
  23. Reps. Cleaver, Kim Introduce BUDS Resolution to Bolster Bipartisan Collaboration in Congress – http://cleaver.house.gov/media-center/press-releases/reps-cleaver-kim-introduce-buds-resolution-bolster-bipartisan
  24. Opinion These radically simple changes helped lawmakers actually get things done – https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2023/02/09/house-modernization-committee-bipartisan-collaboration-lessons/
  25. Leadership and Collaboration – https://ourpublicservice.org/our-solutions/leadership-and-collaboration/
  26. The Top 6 Leadership Challenges Around the World – https://www.ccl.org/articles/leading-effectively-articles/top-6-leadership-challenges/
  27. AGENDA FOR HUMANITY – https://agendaforhumanity.org/cr/1/index.html
  28. The Future of Political Leadership: Reflecting on a crisis that affects the core of democracy – https://www.kofiannanfoundation.org/news/the-future-of-political-leadership/
  29. Democracy, Human Rights, and Governance | What We Do | U.S. Agency for International Development – https://www.usaid.gov/democracy
  30. Embracing Political Democracy: Empowering Nations for a Brighter Future – https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/embracing-political-democracy-empowering-nations-future-rajendran
  31. 5 Elements of a Strong Democracy – Center for High Impact Philanthropy – University of Pennsylvania – https://www.impact.upenn.edu/framework-for-healthy-democracy/
  32. A New Political Leadership for the Twenty-First Century – https://www.csis.org/analysis/new-political-leadership-twenty-first-century
  33. Women’s leadership and political participation – https://www.unwomen.org/en/what-we-do/leadership-and-political-participation
  34. Conclusion: the Study of Political Leadership in France – https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9781137302847_11