Technology is changing our lives fast, and digital currencies are at the forefront of this change. Cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum have grown quickly. Now, governments are looking into Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs). This makes us wonder: what’s next for money?
Will we soon live in a cashless society, or will old-school money stay on top? As the world wonders, one thing is sure: the future of money is digital.
Key Takeaways
- The digital currency scene is changing fast, with over 9,000 cryptocurrencies and many countries looking into CBDCs.
- Digital currencies could make sending money across borders faster, cheaper, and easier. They could also help more people get access to financial services.
- Cryptocurrencies are getting more popular, but there are so many to choose from. This makes it hard to pick the right one for what you need.
- Uncertainty about rules and worries about illegal activities and cybercrime are big obstacles for digital currencies to become widely accepted.
- The big issue with cryptocurrency mining is its high energy use. This needs to be fixed for digital currencies to be sustainable in the long run.
What Are Digital Currencies?
Digital currencies are a type of electronic money that only exists in digital form. They are made to be a medium of exchange, a store of value, and a unit of account. There are different types of digital currencies, each with its own features and characteristics.
Types of Digital Currencies
The three main types of digital currencies are:
- Cryptocurrency: Cryptocurrencies, like Bitcoin and Ethereum, use blockchain technology for a decentralized, peer-to-peer system. They offer better security, transparency, and make transactions across borders easier.
- Stablecoins: Stablecoins are digital currencies tied to a stable asset, like a traditional currency or a commodity, to keep their value stable. Examples include Tether, USD Coin, and Binance USD.
- Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC): CBDCs are digital currencies made and controlled by a country’s central bank. They aim to offer a secure, efficient, and regulated way to make payments. Countries like China, Japan, and Sweden are exploring and testing CBDCs.
Digital currencies are becoming more popular because they can improve financial inclusion, make cross-border payments easier, and offer an alternative to traditional fiat currencies. As the digital economy grows, digital currencies will likely play a bigger role in the future of money and finance.
| Digital Currency Type | Key Characteristics | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Cryptocurrency | Decentralized, peer-to-peer digital currency system utilizing blockchain technology | Bitcoin, Ethereum, Litecoin |
| Stablecoin | Digital currencies pegged to a stable asset, such as a traditional currency or commodity, to maintain a relatively stable value | Tether, USD Coin, Binance USD |
| Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) | Digital currencies issued and controlled by a country’s central bank | e-Yuan, e-Euro, e-Dollar |
Rise of Cryptocurrencies
Cryptocurrencies, like Bitcoin, have moved from being digital novelties to trillion-dollar technologies. They have the power to change the global financial system. More people now see them as assets and use them to buy things. They are loved for being decentralized, which means they allow quick and private transactions across borders without needing a central authority.
Factors Driving Cryptocurrency Popularity
Several key factors have made cryptocurrencies popular:
- Dissidents in authoritarian countries use cryptocurrencies to get around state controls and sanctions.
- Some investors see them as a way to protect against inflation because of their limited supply. Others view them as investment tools.
- But, the ups and downs in cryptocurrency prices have made them less useful for everyday spending.
The growth of cryptocurrencies is thanks to their decentralized nature. This lets for quick and private transactions across borders without needing a central authority. They have become popular among investors. Some want to protect against inflation, while others aim to make money from their growth.
“Cryptocurrencies have the potential to change the global financial system, but their volatility has so far limited their usefulness as a transactional currency.”
Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs)
Central banks around the world are looking into Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs). Now, over 134 countries and currency unions, making up 98% of the world’s GDP, are checking out CBDCs. This shows how much interest there is in their benefits and challenges.
Today, 68 countries are deep into CBDC research, some even in pilot stages. The G20 includes 19 countries working on CBDCs, with 11 in pilot stages. Countries like Brazil, Japan, India, and Australia are leading the way. Three countries have already launched their CBDCs: the Bahamas, Jamaica, and Nigeria.
The United States is a bit behind some G7 countries in retail CBDCs. But, the Federal Reserve is looking into a digital dollar through Project Hamilton, with MIT’s Digital Currency Initiative. Still, the Fed says it won’t make a CBDC without Congress’s say-so.
CBDCs are being explored in many ways around the world. China has a direct CBDC that you can get through a central bank app. In the U.S., they’re thinking about a model that goes through banks and financial institutions.
Central banks are figuring out the details of CBDCs. The race to make the first big CBDC is an exciting and changing story.
Advantages of Digital Currencies
Digital currencies have brought new benefits that make them different from old payment ways. These benefits show why people and companies might want to use digital currencies more.
One big plus is how fast they make payments. Cryptocurrency deals can be done in minutes. This is much quicker than the three to five days it takes with old banking methods. Even wire transfers take at least a day.
Another big plus is the reduced costs associated with international transfers. Sending money across the world with digital currencies can be very cheap or even free. This is because you don’t need extra checks like VISA and their fees.
Digital currencies also offer 24/7 access to money services. You can do transactions anytime, not just during bank hours. This is great for people and businesses that work across different time zones or need money services all the time.
Lastly, digital currencies could improve financial inclusion. They could help people who don’t have bank accounts or use expensive other financial services. This could really help communities and people who have been left out of traditional banking.
| Advantage | Description |
|---|---|
| Faster Payments | Cryptocurrency transactions can be completed in minutes, compared to days for traditional financial institutions. |
| Cheaper International Transfers | Digital currency transactions can have minimal or zero transactional costs when transferring funds globally. |
| 24/7 Access | Digital currencies provide access to financial services at any time, unlike normal banking hours. |
| Financial Inclusion | Digital currencies can provide access to the unbanked and underbanked populations, promoting financial inclusion. |
The benefits of digital currencies are clear. They offer fast payments, cheaper money transfers, always available services, and could help more people get into the financial system. This makes them a strong choice for both people and companies.
Decentralized Finance (DeFi)
Cryptocurrencies and blockchain technology have led to a new field called “decentralized finance” or DeFi. DeFi offers services like borrowing, lending, and trading without traditional banks. It uses “smart contracts” to make transactions happen automatically, cutting out middlemen.
DeFi can make finance more open to everyone. It lets people use platforms like Aave, Uniswap, and PancakeSwap without needing banks. This is clear in lending and trading where people can use their crypto to earn interest or swap currencies directly.
| DeFi Application | Key Function | User Rating |
|---|---|---|
| Aave | Decentralized lending | 4.9/5 (398 ratings) |
| Uniswap | Decentralized exchange | 4.9/5 (258 ratings) |
| PancakeSwap | Decentralized exchange | 4.9/5 (264 ratings) |
But, DeFi’s lack of control and anonymous nature is hard for regulators. It’s tough to track transactions and stop illegal activities. This means we need careful rules to protect users and keep the system honest.
The fast growth of crypto and its community means we must act fast on rules for DeFi. The U.S. government’s role in guiding innovation and ensuring openness is key to the future of DeFi.
“If regulators delay implementing regulations, cryptocurrencies and DeFi applications could grow too big to regulate effectively, emphasizing the urgency in finding regulatory solutions.”
Challenges and Risks
Digital currencies, especially cryptocurrencies, have become more popular. This has led to challenges and risks that governments and regulatory bodies are trying to handle. One big worry is how these currencies are used for illegal things like money laundering and funding terrorism. They offer a way to hide illegal transactions.
Cybercriminals are now targeting these digital currencies too. They do ransomware attacks and steal money from digital wallets. In 2022, a group from North Korea stole over $1 billion in cryptocurrency. This shows how vulnerable these digital currency platforms are to cyber threats.
Illicit Activities and Cybercrime
There are more issues with digital currencies than just illegal activities and cybercrime. Regulators are struggling to keep up with the fast-changing world of digital currencies. They need to find ways to use these currencies safely while stopping cryptocurrency illicit activities and cryptocurrency cybercrime.
“The rapid growth of cryptocurrencies has created new challenges for governments and regulators to address, particularly when it comes to combating illicit activities and protecting against cybercrime.”
Environmental Concerns
The environmental impact of digital currencies is a growing worry. The energy needed for mining cryptocurrencies, especially Bitcoin, is a big concern. This process is linked to climate change.
Mining cryptocurrencies needs a lot of power to check transactions. This means a lot of energy is used. In fact, mining uses more electricity than the whole banking sector worldwide. Miners often choose quick energy over investing in renewable sources, making things worse.
The issue goes beyond just energy use. The way cryptocurrency energy consumption affects the environment is big. It causes problems like grid issues, not enough resources, and high market prices. Some places might even stop mining these cryptocurrencies because of this.
| Statistic | Value |
|---|---|
| Electricity usage of cryptocurrency mining industry | Half the electricity of the entire global banking sector |
| Cryptocurrency mining growth in the United States | Showing little indication of slowing |
| Jurisdictions considering banning proof-of-work mining | Some |
Fixing the environmental impact of digital currencies needs many steps. This includes using renewable energy, making mining more efficient, and finding new ways to verify transactions. As the crypto world changes, finding ways to lessen its environmental harm is key for its future.
The Future of Digital Currencies
The future of digital currencies is full of both chances and hurdles. Cryptocurrencies have become more popular, but their value changes a lot and rules are still unclear. This makes them not yet a good way to pay for things. Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs), however, could be more widely used if they are well made and fit into our current money systems.
Experts think digital currencies will become more common soon, but it’s hard to say exactly how. They might replace cash with a CBDC, or they could grow along with traditional money systems. The future likely includes both kinds, with each serving different needs of people and businesses.
One big problem is making digital currencies work together. We have many different systems now, which makes it hard to use them all together. Leaders say we need to fix this to make sure everyone can use digital money easily, no matter where they are.
Also, the way digital currencies use energy, especially for mining, is a big concern. We need to find ways to make them more eco-friendly. This will require work from both government and the tech world to find solutions that help us and protect the planet.
In the end, the future of digital currencies is changing and full of ups and downs. As technology gets better, bringing digital money into everyday life will be a big focus for everyone involved.
Regulatory Landscape
The world is diving into the digital currency era, making the rules complex and varied. Governments and financial groups are figuring out how to handle cryptocurrencies, central bank digital currencies (CBDCs), and other digital assets. They aim to balance innovation with risk management.
Diverse Regulatory Approaches
Regulations on digital currencies differ greatly around the world. China has banned crypto exchanges and trading, while Japan has put crypto and traditional currency under one agency, the Financial Services Agency. The European Union has created the Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (MiCA) for a unified digital asset market.
In the U.S., different levels of government have their say in regulating digital currencies. The Federal Reserve says it won’t make a CBDC without Congress’s okay. The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) are looking into stablecoins and other crypto assets.
Other countries like South Korea have made laws for cryptocurrencies and virtual assets. Brazil is watching the crypto market closely after seeing a lot of crypto imports. The United Kingdom makes sure any digital currency company gets the green light from the Financial Conduct Authority.
The International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO) has given 18 recommendations for a unified crypto regulation. This shows the need for a coordinated way to handle this fast-changing field.
| Country | Regulatory Approach | Key Developments |
|---|---|---|
| China | Strict bans on crypto exchanges, trading, and mining | China has cracked down on the cryptocurrency industry, banning all crypto-related activities within its borders. |
| Japan | Crypto and fiat transactions managed by the Financial Services Agency | Japan has integrated the regulation of cryptocurrencies and traditional currency transactions under a single financial authority. |
| European Union | Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (MiCA) introduced in 2023 | The EU has established a comprehensive regulatory framework for digital asset markets through the MiCA regulation. |
| United States | Fragmented regulatory oversight, with federal and state-level authorities | The U.S. is grappling with how to approach the regulation of cryptocurrencies and digital assets, with various agencies involved. |
| South Korea | Virtual Asset Users Protection Act passed in 2023 | South Korea has enacted specific legislation to regulate cryptocurrencies and virtual assets, aiming to protect users. |
The digital currency revolution is still growing, and the rules will be key to its future. Policymakers and regulators must balance the benefits and risks of digital currencies. They aim for a secure and growing digital financial world.
Impact on Monetary Policy
Introducing digital currencies, especially central bank digital currencies (CBDCs), could change how we manage money. Experts think CBDCs won’t change monetary policy much normally. But, they could have a bigger effect when interest rates are low or when financial markets are stressed.
CBDCs could give central banks new ways to manage money flows. They might also change how we use physical cash and the role of commercial banks. This could affect how monetary policy decisions spread through the economy.
A study looked at how central banks use digital currency. It found that these currencies can change how central banks make monetary and fiscal policies. The study looked at both centralized and decentralized ways to use digital currency.
Using digital currencies can make monetary policy work better. It can also make the financial system more stable and reduce shadow economies and corruption. But, it could make controlling money flows across borders harder. This could lead to issues with managing money volatility and exchange rates.
| Cryptocurrency | Market Capitalization (July 2017) | Year-to-Date Price Change |
|---|---|---|
| Bitcoin | $42 billion | 250% |
| Ethereum | $25 billion | 3000% |
| Ripple | $9 billion | 4000% |
The study also said that digital currencies will change how commercial and central banks work. They will also change payment systems. Payments will get faster and cheaper, both within countries and across borders.
“Advancements in technology, including cryptocurrencies, are likely to have a lasting impact on central banks.”
As digital currencies grow, central banks and policymakers need to think about their effects on money policy, financial stability, and economic growth.
Cross-Border Payments
Digital currencies like cryptocurrencies and Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs) could change how we send money across borders. They use blockchain technology to make sending money faster, cheaper, and more efficient than old banking ways.
One big plus of digital currencies is they cut through the high fees and slow times of traditional banks. Industry experts say international money transfers will grow by five percent each year until 2027. This means we need better ways to send money across borders that are fast and don’t cost a lot.
Blockchain networks can make payments automatically with smart contracts and real-time data. CBDCs can also make things more efficient and lower risks, offering quick settlements and being available all the time. This helps reduce risks and makes payments faster.
| Metric | Value |
|---|---|
| Payments Processed Through Swift Network Within an Hour | 89% |
| Payments Arriving at Beneficiary Account in Less Than 5 Minutes | 50% |
| Payments Processed Within 24 Hours | 80% |
| Additional Economic Output Expected from Real-Time Payments by 2026 | $173 billion |
Using digital currencies and cross-border payments, like CBDC cross-border payments and cryptocurrency cross-border payments, can cut down on third-party costs, lower fees, and boost security. As more central banks look into retail CBDCs, we could see better and more inclusive ways to send money across borders.
“CBDC technology can facilitate interoperability between different currencies and blockchains, paving the way for more efficient cross-border transactions.”
But, how well digital currencies work for cross-border payments depends on things like rules, how different systems work together, and if people use them. As things change, banks and policymakers need to figure out how to make the most of digital currencies in the global payment world.
Financial Inclusion
Digital currencies, like central bank digital currencies (CBDCs), can greatly help with financial inclusion. They are safe, widely accepted, and might be cheaper than traditional money. This makes them a good way for people without bank accounts to join the financial world.
These digital currencies can give people without bank accounts access to financial services. This could really help the economy and society in poor areas. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is helping countries look into and develop CBDCs. They want to use these digital currencies to improve digital currencies and financial inclusion.
| Statistic | Value |
|---|---|
| Unbanked population worldwide | 18% of people |
| Annual SDG financing gap | US$4 trillion |
| Individuals lacking internet access | 2.6 billion |
| Usage gap for mobile internet coverage | 8 times larger than total without coverage |
| Central banks involved in CBDC work | 93% of 86 surveyed |
| Central banks in Sub-Saharan Africa involved in CBDC research, experiments, or development | 23 out of 30 |
If made right, CBDCs could be like cash for people who are left out. This would let them use the full financial system, saving, borrowing, and paying bills easily.
“Some central banks view CBDCs as a catalyst for innovation and economic development to further financial inclusion goals.”
The power of CBDC financial inclusion is big. Three of the biggest central banks see CBDCs as a way to help people get into the financial system. As cryptocurrency financial inclusion grows, digital currencies are key to helping those left behind.
Future Developments and Trends
The future of digital currencies will be shaped by innovation in cryptocurrencies and the rise of central bank digital currencies (CBDCs). Cryptocurrencies will likely improve in privacy, scalability, and sustainability. CBDCs might become a big part of financial systems, possibly replacing cash in some places.
Rules around digital currencies will change as policymakers try to balance risks and benefits. New tech, like programmable money and linking digital currencies with the metaverse, will change finance.
Cryptocurrency Innovation
In 2024, the world of digital currency will see big changes. More assets like real estate and art will be turned into tokens. “Restaking” could change how people earn rewards.
DePINs will give users more privacy and control in DeFi. AI will also play a big role, helping with fraud detection and improving investment strategies.
CBDC Adoption
CBDCs are becoming more popular, with more central banks working on them. By late 2020, 86.0% of 65 central banks were involved in CBDC projects. About 26% were testing or developing a CBDC.
Most central banks are just starting to experiment, but some are testing retail CBDCs. The Bahamas has already launched a CBDC. Now, 105 countries, making up 95.0% of global GDP, are working on CBDC projects.
Future Trends
As digital currencies grow, we’ll see new trends. Improvements in blockchain tech, like zk-SNARKs, will make digital currencies better. Interoperable blockchains will make moving data and assets easier.
Digital currencies will connect with the metaverse and focus on financial stability and cross-border payments. These will be key in the future of digital currencies, emerging digital currency trends, cryptocurrency innovation, and CBDC innovation.
Conclusion
The future of digital currencies is full of both promise and uncertainty. Over 23,000 cryptocurrencies are now in use worldwide. Many countries are looking into central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) to improve how we pay and manage money.
CBDCs are being checked out by more than 100 countries. They aim to make payments better and help with financial inclusion. The growth of digital tech is changing how we handle money, but it’s hard to say exactly where it’s going.
Things like how people use them, new rules, and keeping things stable will decide their future. Policymakers, businesses, and people will have to figure out the good and bad sides of digital money. With 41% of U.S. adults using less cash for everyday buys, digital payments are becoming more common.
As we move from a bank-focused to a payment-focused world, we might see a shift from government money to digital money from companies. It’s important to understand these changes to shape the future of money.
FAQ
What are the main types of digital currencies?
There are three main types: cryptocurrency, stablecoins, and central bank digital currency (CBDC).
What is cryptocurrency and how does it work?
Cryptocurrency uses blockchain technology for secure digital transactions. It’s a decentralized system with over 9,000 types available.
What is the potential impact of central bank digital currencies (CBDCs)?
Over 100 countries are looking into CBDCs. These are digital currencies from central banks. They could change how we handle money and send payments across borders.
What are the key advantages of digital currencies?
They offer fast, cheap, and 24/7 payments. They could also help more people get into the banking system.
What is decentralized finance (DeFi) and how does it work?
DeFi provides financial services without traditional banks. It uses blockchain and “smart contracts” for automatic transactions.
What are the main challenges and risks associated with digital currencies?
Issues include their use in illegal activities and cybercrime. Also, mining them can be bad for the environment.
How is the regulatory landscape for digital currencies evolving?
Rules for digital currencies vary a lot worldwide. Some countries support them, while others don’t. Regulators are trying to manage risks and encourage innovation.
How might digital currencies impact monetary policy?
CBDCs could give central banks new tools to manage money flows. This could change how they make policy decisions.
What role can digital currencies play in cross-border payments?
They could make sending money across borders faster, cheaper, and easier. This would help people and businesses with international dealings.
How can digital currencies promote financial inclusion?
CBDCs could be a safe and easy way for those without bank accounts to join the financial world. This would let them save, borrow, and pay bills.
Source Links
- Digital Currency: The Future Of Your Money – https://www.forbes.com/advisor/investing/cryptocurrency/digital-currency/
- Cryptocurrencies, Digital Dollars, and the Future of Money – https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/crypto-question-bitcoin-digital-dollars-and-future-money
- Understanding Digital Currency and Its Far-Reaching Impacts – https://www.keiseruniversity.edu/understanding-digital-currency-and-its-far-reaching-impacts/
- Digital currencies and the future of the monetary system – https://www.bis.org/speeches/sp210127.pdf
- ‘Future of Money’ economist says the end of cash is coming—here’s what could replace it – https://www.cnbc.com/2021/11/11/predictions-for-future-of-money-cbdcs-stablecoins-cryptocurrency.html
- The Rise of Digital Currencies: Opportunities for Economies – https://www.investindia.gov.in/team-india-blogs/rise-digital-currencies-opportunities-economies
- Digital Currency And The Future – https://www.hoover.org/research/digital-currency-and-future
- Cashless: Is Digital Currency the Future of Finance? – https://www.gsb.stanford.edu/insights/cashless-digital-currency-future-finance
- Central Bank Digital Currency Tracker – https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/cbdctracker/
- PDF – https://www.pwc.com/m1/en/media-centre/2021/documents/central-bank-digital-currencies-and-the-future-of-money-part1.pdf
- Central bank digital currencies | Wells Fargo Investment Institute – https://www.wellsfargoadvisors.com/research-analysis/reports/policy/central-bank-digital-currencies.htm
- Advantages and Disadvantages of Cryptocurrency in 2024 – https://www.forbes.com/advisor/in/investing/cryptocurrency/advantages-of-cryptocurrency/
- Digital Currency Types, Characteristics, Pros & Cons, Future Uses – https://www.investopedia.com/terms/d/digital-currency.asp
- The pros and cons of digital currencies such as Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies – https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/pros-cons-digital-currencies-bitcoin-other-brenda-wairimu
- What Is Decentralized Finance (DeFi) and How Does It Work? – https://www.investopedia.com/decentralized-finance-defi-5113835
- Cryptocurrencies and decentralized finance (DeFi) | Brookings – https://www.brookings.edu/articles/cryptocurrencies-and-decentralized-finance-defi/
- Decentralized Finance (DeFi): The Future of Finance – https://www.coursera.org/specializations/decentralized-finance-duke
- Sovereign Digital Currencies: Risks and Challenges of the Future of Money – https://www.nyujlb.org/single-post/sovereign-digital-currencies-risks-and-challenges-of-the-future-of-money
- Managing Risk for the Next Wave of Digital Currencies – https://www.bcg.com/publications/2023/managing-risk-for-next-wave-of-digital-currencies
- The Environmental Impacts of Cryptomining – https://earthjustice.org/feature/cryptocurrency-mining-environmental-impacts
- Cryptocurrency and the environment: what you need to know – https://greenly.earth/en-us/blog/ecology-news/cryptocurrency-and-pollution-what-you-need-to-know
- Central bank digital currency and the future of money – https://www.rbcwealthmanagement.com/en-us/insights/central-bank-digital-currency-and-the-future-of-money
- The future of digital currencies depends on interoperability. How can it be achieved? – https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new-atlanticist/the-future-of-digital-currencies-depends-on-interoperability/
- Cryptocurrency and the Future of Your Money – https://magazine.columbia.edu/article/cryptocurrency-and-future-your-money
- Cryptocurrency regulations are changing across the globe. Here’s what you need to know – https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2024/05/global-cryptocurrency-regulations-changing/
- Crypto and digital assets: Regulatory challenges – https://kpmg.com/us/en/articles/2022/ten-key-regulatory-challenges-2022-crypto-digital-assets.html
- PDF – https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w23711/w23711.pdf
- The future of money: digital currency | Brookings – https://www.brookings.edu/articles/the-future-of-money-digital-currency/
- The Impact Of Digital Currency On The Transformation Of Mone – https://ideas.repec.org/a/bal/3seasj/2661-51502021248.html
- Cross-border payment modernization | J.P. Morgan – https://www.jpmorgan.com/payments/payments-unbound/volume-3/cross-border-payment-modernization
- Simplifying cross-border payments through CBDC technology – OMFIF – https://www.omfif.org/2023/12/simplifying-cross-border-payments-through-cbdc-technology/
- No title found – https://www.elibrary.imf.org/view/journals/063/2024/002/article-A001-en.xml
- Achieving Financial Inclusion Through Digital Currencies – https://www.undp.org/policy-centre/singapore/blog/achieving-financial-inclusion-through-digital-currencies
- Asking the right questions: Can digital currency enable financial inclusion? – https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/in-depth-research-reports/issue-brief/asking-the-right-questions-how-digital-currencies-can-enable-financial-inclusion/
- Debunking the narratives about cryptocurrency and financial inclusion | Brookings – https://www.brookings.edu/articles/debunking-the-narratives-about-cryptocurrency-and-financial-inclusion/
- 5 Emerging Trends of Digital Currency 2024 – https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/5-emerging-trends-digital-currency-2024-wizardinfoways-6ujac
- PDF – https://www.cbn.gov.ng/Out/2024/RSD/Digital Currencies Emerging Trends 1.pdf
- The Future of Digital Money: CBDCs versus Decentralized Cryptocurrencies – https://nomadcapitalist.com/finance/future-of-digital-money-cbdcs/
- The Future of Money in the Digital World – https://geniusee.com/single-blog/future-of-money-in-the-digital-world