Ever wondered how to find the many services and benefits the United States government offers? The US government can seem complex, with many agencies and rules. But don’t worry, this guide will help you understand how it works.
We’ll cover the different parts of the US government and the services they offer. You’ll learn about taxes, healthcare, education, veterans’ affairs, and more1.
Key Takeaways
- Discover the three branches of the US government and how they work together to serve the people.
- Understand the various sources of government revenue and how your tax dollars are used.
- Learn about the wealth of government programs and services, from social welfare to disaster relief.
- Explore the voting process and your rights as a voter in the United States.
- Navigate the complex world of immigration and citizenship requirements.
Are you ready to learn more about the US government and its resources? Let’s start this journey together.
Introduction to the US Government
The United States government is a complex system that oversees the country at the federal level2. It has three main branches: the executive, legislative, and judicial2. Each branch has its own role and works together to keep power in check.
What is the US Government?
The US government manages the country’s affairs at the federal level3. It makes laws, enforces them, and interprets them through courts2. The government splits into three branches, each with its own powers.
The Three Branches of Government
The US government has three main parts:
- Executive Branch: Led by the President, this branch enforces laws2. It includes the President, Vice President, and federal agencies3.
- Legislative Branch: This branch makes laws. It has the Senate and House of Representatives2. The Senate has two members from each state, and the House has 435 members who serve two years3.
- Judicial Branch: Led by the Supreme Court, this branch interprets laws2.
Each branch can limit the power of the others, ensuring no one branch gets too strong2. This system keeps the government accountable to the people3.
“The Constitution is the supreme law of the land, followed by statutory laws and administrative regulations.”2
The US government is complex and vital to citizens’ lives3. Knowing how the branches work together is key for anyone wanting to participate in politics234.
Federal Revenue and Taxation
The United States government gets money from many places to run things and offer public services5. Most of this money comes from taxes on people and businesses, Social Security and Medicare taxes, customs duties, and more5.
Sources of Government Revenue
In FY 2020, the U.S. government made $3.42 trillion, which was 16.3% of the country’s GDP5. This was less because of the COVID-19 pandemic5. That year, the government spent $6.55 trillion and had a deficit of $3.13 trillion5.
Income taxes from individuals are the biggest source, making up 50% of the government’s income in FY 20205. Social Security and Medicare taxes are next, adding 36%5. The rest, 14%, comes from corporate taxes, excise taxes, and other sources5.
Understanding Income Taxes
Filing federal income taxes can be hard, but the IRS helps with resources6. The IRS Free File program lets eligible people file their taxes online for free6. People can also check their tax accounts online6.
In 2022, federal revenue was 19.6% of the U.S. GDP7. Income taxes from individuals were 54%, corporate taxes 9%, and Social Security and Medicare taxes 30%7. Excise taxes were 1.8%, and other sources like estate and gift taxes made up 5%7.
Over time, how we get federal revenue has changed7. In the 1950s, income taxes gave almost half of federal revenue, while corporate taxes were a third, and excise taxes 19%7. Now, income taxes still give about half, but corporate taxes are less than 10%, and excise taxes are about 2%7. Social Security and Medicare payroll taxes now make up nearly one-third of federal revenue7.
“The Global Positioning System (GPS) service is funded by general U.S. tax revenues.”5
Knowing about federal revenue and its changes helps people and businesses with their finances and planning567.
government Programs and Services
The United States federal government has many programs and services for its citizens. These cover food, housing, healthcare, education, and more. Agencies like the Department of Health and Human Services, the Department of Housing and Urban Development, and the Department of Education manage these programs8.
Medicaid is a key program that gives healthcare to low-income people and families. In 2016, it helped over 76 million Americans. Children made up 43% of those covered9. Another big program is the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), which gives food vouchers to 47.6 million people or 23 million households. The average monthly benefit was $1339.
The government also helps with education through the Federal Student Aid program. This gives financial aid to millions of college students yearly. The Housing Choice Voucher Program offers affordable housing to over 2.2 million renters9.
Finding the right government programs can be hard, but it’s important. It’s key to research and see which ones can help you the most.8
| Government Program | Key Statistics |
|---|---|
| Medicaid | – Covered over 76 million low-income Americans in 20169 – Children account for 43% of all Medicaid enrollees9 |
| Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) | – Provided food vouchers to 47.6 million people or 23 million households9 – Average monthly benefit of $1339 |
| Federal Student Aid | – Provides financial aid to millions of college students each year |
| Housing Choice Voucher Program | – Provides affordable housing options for over 2.2 million renters nationwide9 |
The federal government is also key in emergency response and disaster relief. For example, the Defense Logistics Agency (DLA) helped a lot during big hurricanes. They supplied meals and fuel to the Federal Emergency Management Agency after Hurricane Isaac in 2012, and a lot more after Hurricane Sandy10.
The 1122 Program lets state and local governments get discounts on materials and equipment for counter-drug, homeland security, and emergencies. This helps the nation deal with crises better10.
These government programs show the federal government’s commitment to its citizens. They help people in many ways. By knowing and using these resources, people can get the help they need to live better.
Voting and Elections
Being part of the electoral process is a key right and duty for US citizens. It can seem complex, from registering to vote to understanding the Electoral College. This guide aims to make the voting and elections process clear, helping citizens take an active role in democracy11.
How to Register to Vote
Registering to vote is the first step in making your voice heard. Most states require you to register before voting in an election11. If you live outside the US, like in the military or with your family, you can also vote and get an absentee ballot with the FPCA11. Remember, each state has its own deadline to register, sometimes up to 30 days before the election11.
You’ll need to give your name, address, and political party when you register11. If you move, you might need to update your voter info11. People living abroad can vote through the FPCA too11. How to pick or change your party depends on where you live11.
Understanding the Electoral Process
The US electoral process has many steps, from primaries to the general election and the Electoral College12. Voting methods vary by state, like optical scanning, DRE, or hand-counted paper ballots12.
The Department of Justice looks into voting law violations, and the FBI takes reports of threats against election workers13. Keeping the election fair is key to a strong democracy13.
It’s important for US citizens to take part in the electoral process. Knowing how to register and what the election stages mean helps you make informed choices. This way, you can help shape your community and country’s future11.
Immigration and Citizenship
The U.S. government is key in managing the country’s immigration and helping people become citizens. It issues visas, green cards, and other documents. It also helps with the process of becoming a U.S. citizen14.
The Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) rules immigration. It sets limits on how many people can come from each country14. It also deals with immigrant visas14 and how to get immigrant status14. The government enforces these laws and helps people with the complex immigration process.
Getting a U.S. citizenship is a big step for immigrants. They must live in the U.S. for a certain time, pass tests in English and civics, and take an oath14.
There’s also temporary protected status for those who can’t go back home because of war, disaster, or other big issues14. The government looks into people working illegally in the U.S14. and deals with those who were sent back but want to return14.
The U.S. government plays a big role in immigration and citizenship. It handles visas, green cards, and naturalization. It also enforces laws and helps people with the immigration process.
Veterans Affairs and Military Services
The United States government supports veterans, armed forces members, and their families greatly. The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) offers many benefits and services to those who have served15.
Benefits for Veterans
The Veterans Benefits Administration (VBA) helps veterans sign up, checks if they qualify, and gives out non-medical benefits like home loans and education help15. The Veterans Health Administration (VHA) runs a huge healthcare system, with over 172 medical centers and 1,138 sites, helping more than 8.3 million veterans every year15. VHA has over 53,000 healthcare workers who offer many services, like surgery and mental health care15.
The National Cemetery Administration (NCA) takes care of 4.1 million graves and has more spots for graves and niches15. NCA runs 155 national cemeteries, with the Army, Interior, and the American Battle Monuments Commission managing some15. VA cemeteries cover almost 23,000 acres, honoring nearly 5.3 million people, including 4 million veterans from different wars15.
Joining the Armed Forces
The U.S. government helps people join the armed forces, like the Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard. You can find out about joining, who can join, and how to apply through government sites16. Most VA benefits need you to have been honorably discharged from the military16.
Veterans of the Uniformed Services can get many programs and services from the Department of Veterans Affairs, like healthcare and education help16.
The government really cares about veterans and the military. It offers a lot of benefits and services through the VA and other agencies. If you’re a veteran looking for healthcare, education, or housing help, or if you want to join the armed forces, the U.S. government has resources to guide you and support you171516.
Social Security and Medicare
The U.S. government runs two big programs – Social Security and Medicare. These programs help millions of Americans. It’s key to know how to sign up for these services if you’re planning for retirement and healthcare18.
Eligibility and Enrollment
The full retirement age for Social Security is 65 for those born before 1938. It goes up to 67 for those born in 1960 or later18. You can retire at 62, but your benefits will be less18. If you’re disabled, you might get benefits after six months if you’ve worked enough and can’t work anymore18.
Your family might also get benefits if you’re eligible for disability or retirement18. This includes spouses, kids, or adult kids under 22 who are disabled18. Even if you pass away, your family could get benefits if you were eligible for Social Security18.
Medicare starts at 65 for those getting Social Security or Railroad Retirement Board benefits19. Some people with disabilities or certain illnesses can get it earlier19. You’ll pay a monthly premium for Medicare Part B, and some pay more if they earn a lot19.
You can sign up for Medicare from October 15 to December 7, with coverage starting January 1 of the next year19. Medicare Advantage offers different plans like HMOs and PPOs19. You can also get Part D for prescription drugs, either as a separate plan or part of Medicare Advantage19. Signing up late for a Medicare drug plan means you might face a penalty19.
For state and local workers, there’s more to know about Social Security and Medicare. A 1991 law made Social Security mandatory for most state and local workers not covered before20. Those hired after March 31, 1986, get Medicare, unless they’re excluded by law20. Workers under a Section 218 agreement get both Social Security and Medicare20.
For more info, check out www.ssa.gov and www.medicare.gov, or call the Social Security Administration at 1-800-772-1213 or 1-800-325-0778 (TTY)20.
Education and Student Aid
The U.S. government is key in supporting education. It offers many programs and resources to help students do well. From early childhood to college, the government aims to give everyone access to quality education.
Federal student aid is a big help for students. It includes loans, grants, and work-study jobs from the Department of Education. These aids make college more affordable and reachable, letting students follow their dreams.
Federal Student Loans
The government has different kinds of federal student loans. You can get Direct Subsidized Loans, Direct Unsubsidized Loans, and Direct PLUS Loans. These loans have low interest rates to cover tuition and other school costs. You can pick from flexible repayment plans, and some might even get loan forgiveness.
Grants and Scholarships
There are also grants and scholarships from the government. These don’t need to be paid back, which is great for students needing money help. The Pell Grant is a well-known program that gives aid to undergrads from low-income families.
There are more ways the government helps with education. The Head Start program offers early childhood education and help. The G.I. Bill gives education benefits to military members and veterans.
Thanks to the U.S. government’s resources and programs, students can get past financial hurdles. This helps them reach their education goals. It also boosts the country’s economy and society.
U.S. Department of Education. “Federal Student Aid.” Accessed May 1, 2023. https://studentaid.gov/Ibid. Ibid.
Housing and Urban Development
The US Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) is key in shaping the nation’s housing and urban areas. It aims to create strong, sustainable, and inclusive communities. HUD also works to provide quality, affordable homes for everyone21.
Rental Assistance Programs
HUD focuses on helping low-income people and families with rental assistance. Programs like public housing and Section 8 vouchers make housing more affordable21. The Brooke Amendment of 1969 made sure low-income families pay no more than 25% of their income on rent21.
Homebuyer Resources
HUD also helps with homeownership through various resources and initiatives. This includes mortgage insurance, down payment help, and community development grants21. The Housing Act of 1949 and the Fair Housing Act of 1968 were key laws that helped start these efforts21.
HUD works on issues like homelessness, energy efficiency, and lead-based paint hazards in homes. Laws like the Stewart B. McKinney Homeless Assistance Act of 1987 and the Housing and Community Development Act of 1992 have been crucial21. HUD aims to add 160,000 cost-effective, energy-efficient, or healthy housing units by 201722.
HUD is a vital agency in the US, shaping the built environment and improving life quality for millions. Its programs and initiatives greatly impact communities nationwide2122.
“HUD’s mission is to create strong, sustainable, inclusive communities and quality, affordable homes for all.”
Environmental Protection and Conservation
The federal government is key in protecting the environment and managing natural resources. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) enforces laws and manages public lands23. The Department of the Interior also plays a big part in this effort23.
The EPA has given nearly $3 billion to replace school bus engines at over 1,000 schools23. They’ve also put $3 billion towards replacing lead service lines, aiming to fix all of them23.
The EPA is also working on conservation, fighting climate change, and controlling activities that harm the environment24. They focus on climate change to protect health and the environment23. They provide resources and info to help people stay updated23.
For clean drinking water, the EPA guides on how water gets to our taps and explains different public water systems23. They also offer webinars on applying for or managing EPA grants23.
The EPA does more than just protect the environment. They’ve invested a lot in health, equity, and resilience through laws and acts23. This shows the government’s big commitment to the environment and people’s well-being.
“The EPA emphasizes the importance of understanding and addressing climate change to protect human health and the environment.”
In summary, the federal government, with the EPA and other agencies, is vital in protecting the environment and saving natural resources. They enforce laws, invest in infrastructure, and share resources and info. This ensures a better future for everyone242523.
Public Safety and Emergency Services
Disaster Relief and Preparedness
The US government is key in keeping its citizens safe every day and in emergencies. It uses many agencies like the Department of Homeland Security, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), and the Federal Communications Commission’s (FCC) Operations and Emergency Management Division.
The Department of Homeland Security oversees emergency services for big disasters through FEMA26. The FCC’s OEM works 24/7 to help with safety, security, and handling incidents27. They also manage the FCC Continuity Program to keep government functions going27.
The government also works on getting people ready for disasters and making them resilient. It does this through awareness campaigns, funding for first responders, and making detailed emergency plans28. The OEM in the Department of the Interior looks after emergency management for natural and ecosystem hazards28.
- The Office of Law Enforcement and Security (OLES) started in October 2001 after the September 11th attacks to boost public safety and homeland security28.
- The Office of Wildland Fire (OWF) works with four bureaus for wildland fire operations, making sure there’s a unified response to natural disasters28.
- The Office of Aviation Services (OAS) leads the government’s unmanned aircraft system program, ready for disaster response and keeping an eye on situations28.
State and local safety departments also play a big part in handling emergencies and keeping their communities safe26. They often team up with federal agencies to plan for disasters and get ready for them.
“The safety and security of our citizens is the government’s top priority. We are dedicated to ensuring our emergency services and disaster response capabilities are always ready to protect and assist the American people.”
Small Business Administration
The US Small Business Administration (SBA) is key in helping entrepreneurs and small business owners. It offers many resources and services to help small businesses start, grow, and succeed29. With over 3,200 employees and an annual budget of $710 million, the SBA supports a strong entrepreneurial community29.
Resources for Entrepreneurs
The SBA helps with funding through different loan programs like the 7(a) Loan Guarantee, 504 Loan, Disaster Loan, and Microloan30. These loans help small businesses and entrepreneurs get the money they need to start, grow, or recover from disasters30.
The SBA also offers educational and counseling services through Small Business Development Centers, Women’s Business Centers, and SCORE chapters29. These programs give free or low-cost advice on business planning, marketing, and finance. They help entrepreneurs succeed29.
The SBA is important in government contracts, setting aside at least 23% of federal contracts for small businesses30. It also has special programs for women-owned, veteran-owned, and disadvantaged businesses. This helps small businesses grow and succeed30.
The SBA has been a big help during the COVID-19 pandemic. It offered programs like the Economic Injury Disaster Loan (EIDL) and EIDL Advance to help small businesses stay afloat30.
The US Small Business Administration is a key resource for small business owners and entrepreneurs. It offers government assistance and business resources. The SBA is dedicated to helping small businesses grow and succeed293031.
| SBA Key Facts | Data |
|---|---|
| Number of Employees | 3,29329 |
| Annual Budget | $710 million USD29 |
| Loan Guarantee Enhancement | Up to 90% guarantee under Recovery Act and Small Business Jobs Act29 |
| Small Business Contracting Target | 23% of prime federal contracts30 |
| Counseling Partner Locations | Over 1,80030 |
| Microloan Program Maximum | $50,00030 |
| Women’s Business Centers | Over 10030 |
“The SBA is dedicated to helping small businesses and entrepreneurs access the resources and support they need to thrive. Our programs and services are designed to foster a vibrant entrepreneurial ecosystem across the United States.” – Isabella Casillas Guzman, SBA Administrator30
The US Small Business Administration keeps evolving to meet the needs of small businesses and entrepreneurs. It offers government assistance and business resources. The SBA is a key partner in the success and growth of the nation’s small business community293031.
Health and Human Services
The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) is key in protecting Americans’ health and well-being. It manages healthcare programs like Medicaid, CHIP, and Medicare. The government also focuses on public health efforts, including disease prevention and healthcare regulation. These services are crucial for those needing medical care and coverage.
Healthcare Programs and Insurance
HHS runs healthcare programs for different groups. Medicaid offers low-cost or free health care to certain people32. The Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP) gives affordable insurance to kids without other coverage32.
It also helps former foster care kids with Medicaid until they turn 2632. The Medicaid Buy-In program offers low-cost services to people with disabilities who work32.
HHS has special services for certain health needs. For example, the Epilepsy Program helps those with epilepsy get outpatient care. The Hemophilia Assistance Program covers medical bills for Texans with hemophilia32.
The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services ensures all Americans can get the care they need. This includes financial and medical support for a healthy life3332.
Federal Employee Benefits
As a federal employee, you get a great benefits package. This includes health, dental, and life insurance. These benefits help with your health and financial security.
Health, Dental, and Life Insurance
The Federal Employees Health Benefits Program (FEHBP) lets you pick from over 200 health insurance plans. Agencies pay for 70% to 75% of your health care costs34. You can also save up to $2,850 a year for health care costs with the Health Care Flexible Spending Account34.
You can get dental and vision insurance too. This covers things like check-ups and treatments. Plus, there’s group life insurance to protect your loved ones if something happens to you.
| Benefit | Details |
|---|---|
| Paid Time Off | |
| Retirement | |
| Student Loan Repayment |
|
| Work-Life Balance |
There’s more to federal benefits, like dental and vision insurance, life insurance, long-term care insurance, and health insurance35. These benefits help with your health and financial security.
For more on retirement and emergency relief, check out the Office of Personnel Management (OPM) and the Thrift Savings Plan (TSP) resources36.
“The robust benefits package offered to federal employees is a testament to the government’s commitment to supporting its workforce and their families.”
The federal employee benefits program offers a lot of coverage and support. It helps ensure the well-being and financial security of those who serve the nation. By understanding and using these benefits, federal employees can make the most of their careers in public service343536.
Conclusion
The US federal government is key to citizens’ lives, offering many services and resources. It supports daily life in various ways. By knowing how the government works, people can use its services better and get the help they need37. It’s important to connect with the government and take part in democracy to make sure it meets citizens’ needs.
The government helps with healthcare, education, veterans’ affairs, and small business support38. Using these services can improve personal and professional life. It also helps communities and the nation39. Being active in democracy helps keep the government focused on what matters to Americans.
The government’s role will likely change as the US changes37. By staying informed and involved, people can shape the country’s future. This ensures the government stays a strong partner in tackling challenges and seizing opportunities38. The success of the US government depends on Americans’ active role in democracy.
FAQ
What is the US federal government?
The US federal government is in charge of the country’s national affairs. It has three main parts: the executive, legislative, and judicial branches.
What are the main sources of government revenue?
The government gets money from many places, like taxes on people’s income, corporate taxes, and special taxes. Most of its money comes from income taxes, over 50%.
What are some of the key government programs and services?
The government helps citizens with things like food, housing, healthcare, and education. These services are run by different agencies and departments.
How do I register to vote and participate in the electoral process?
Voting is a key right and duty for US citizens. Registering to vote and understanding how to vote in federal, state, and local elections can be tricky.
What services and benefits are available for military veterans?
Veterans get many services and benefits, like healthcare, education help, job training, and disability pay. The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) runs these programs.
How do I access Social Security and Medicare?
Social Security and Medicare are big programs run by the government. Social Security gives benefits for retirement, disability, and survivors. Medicare covers healthcare for older people and those with disabilities.
What federal resources are available for small businesses and entrepreneurs?
The US Small Business Administration (SBA) helps small businesses and entrepreneurs. It offers financing, educational programs, and advice.
What healthcare programs and services are offered by the government?
The Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) looks after the health of Americans. HHS runs programs like Medicaid, CHIP, and Medicare for healthcare.
What benefits are available to federal employees?
Federal workers can get health, dental, and life insurance. These programs are run by the government and offer different options for federal workers and their families.
Source Links
- Making government services easier to find | USAGov – https://www.usa.gov/
- Course: Introduction to U.S. Government | Section 218 Training – https://www.ssa.gov/section218training/basic_course_2.htm
- Federal government of the United States – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States
- The Constitution of the United States: A Transcription – https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/constitution-transcript
- Fiscal Data Explains Federal Revenue – https://fiscaldata.treasury.gov/americas-finance-guide/government-revenue/
- Internal Revenue Service | An official website of the United States government – https://www.irs.gov/
- What are the sources of revenue for the federal government? – https://www.taxpolicycenter.org/briefing-book/what-are-sources-revenue-federal-government
- Bureau of the Fiscal Service – https://fiscal.treasury.gov/all-programs-services.html
- No title found – https://blog.healthsherpa.com/top-10-government-programs-for-low-income-families/
- Government Programs – https://www.dla.mil/Working-With-DLA/Government-Programs/
- Check Voter Registration Deadlines and Laws in Your State – https://vote.gov/
- North Carolina Voting Information – https://www.vote411.org/north-carolina
- Voting and Elections – https://www.justice.gov/voting
- Immigration and Nationality Act | USCIS – https://www.uscis.gov/laws-and-policy/legislation/immigration-and-nationality-act
- VA.gov | Veterans Affairs – https://www.ruralhealth.va.gov/aboutus/structure.asp
- VA.gov | Veterans Affairs – https://www.va.gov/landing2_vetsrv.htm
- VA.gov | Veterans Affairs – https://www.benefits.va.gov/benefits/about.asp
- About Social Security and Medicare… – https://www.ssa.gov/osss/prd/html/en/moreInfoLink01.html
- Medicare – https://www.ssa.gov/pubs/EN-05-10043.pdf
- How State and Local Government Employees are Covered by Social Security and Medicare – https://www.ssa.gov/pubs/EN-05-10051.pdf
- United States Department of Housing and Urban Development – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development
- Department of Housing and Urban Development – https://obamaadministration.archives.performance.gov/agency/department-housing-and-urban-development.html
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency | US EPA – https://www.epa.gov/home
- What is Environmental Law – And Why Does it Matter? – https://www.apu.apus.edu/area-of-study/security-and-global-studies/resources/what-is-environmental-law/
- Environmental Protection Agency – https://www.performance.gov/agencies/epa/
- Department of public safety – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_public_safety
- Operations & Emergency Management Division, Public Safety & Homeland Security Bureau – https://www.fcc.gov/general/operations-emergency-management-division-public-safety-homeland-security-bureau
- Public Safety, Resource Protection & Emergency Services | U.S. Department of the Interior – https://www.doi.gov/pmb/public-safety-resource-protection-emergency-services
- Small Business Administration – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_Business_Administration
- Small Business Administration (SBA): Definition and What It Does – https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/small-business-administration.asp
- Small Business Administration – https://www.gao.gov/agencies/small-business-administration
- Texas Health and Human Services – https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/health
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) – https://www.grants.gov/learn-grants/grant-making-agencies/u-s-department-of-health-and-human-services-hhs
- Employee Benefits – https://gogovernment.org/all-about-government-jobs/employee-benefits/
- Federal Employee Compensation Package – https://www.opm.gov/policy-data-oversight/pay-leave/pay-administration/fact-sheets/federal-employee-compensation-package/
- Benefits – https://www.opm.gov/policy-data-oversight/pandemic-information/benefits/
- Conclusions and Recommendations – Implementing the Government Performance and Results Act for Research – https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK44121/
- CONCLUSIONS – https://www.leg.mn.gov/webcontent/leg/minnesota/2012/Peter_Heegaard_ROI_conclusions.pdf
- Writing a Conclusion — GovWrites – https://govwrites.squarespace.com/writing-a-conclusion